临清坳陷变换构造研究

讨论了临清坳陷内3个规模较大的调节构造带,即封丘左行传递带、马陵横向背斜调节带和夏津—腰站斜向背斜调节带的构造特征及成因机制。临清坳陷内“东西分带、南北分块”的构造特征,是由平行于裂谷轴方向的NNE(NE)向伸展正断层和垂直(或斜交)于裂谷轴方向的NW(NWW)斜向滑移断层及横向构造带等共同作用造成的;区内3个规模较大的调节构造带是造成“南北分块”的构造原因,这些调节构造带垂直或斜交于裂谷方向．通过传递带或调节带的方式调节不同伸展域间的应变,从而使区域应变守恒。     

History of faulting in the Northern Hastings Block,southern New England Orogen

Brittle failure is common in the Devonian to Permian rocks in the Northern Hastings Block (NHB) and is manifested by faults of different orientation and kinematic histories, but the timing of fault movement is not well defined. In this study, faults in the NHB were analysed with the map pattern of cross-cutting faults used to estimate the relative time of movement and relationship to other faults. We defined five episodes of faulting or fault reactivation that affected the NHB. The Yarras Fault System on the southwestern side of the NHB and the Parrabel Fault and related faults on the eastern side of the NHB are the two major fault systems responsible for transporting and rotating the NHB in the late Carboniferous. Faults on the eastern, northeastern and northern part of Parrabel Dome started and stopped moving after emplacement of the Hastings Block and before the intrusion of the Werrikimbe Triassic granitoids. We suggested that the movement on the major bounding faults is related to the accommodation of the NHB to the folding and cleavage development in the adjoining Nambucca Block, and is associated with the earliest part of the Hunter–Bowen Orogeny. Limited dextral movement on the extensions of the Taylors Arm Fault System caused minor displacements in the northeastern part of the NHB during the Late Triassic. Some small faults cut the Triassic granitoids or Triassic Lorne Basin sediments indicating tectonic activity continued post-Triassic.     

百色盆地那读组短期基准面旋回层序分析

以高分辨率层序地层学理论和技术方法为指导，运用短期基准面旋回界面的识别标志将百色盆地那读组短期基准面旋回层序划分为向上“变深”的非对称型（A 型）、向上变浅的非对称型（B 型）、向上变深复变浅的对称型（C型）等三种基本结构类型，再根据可容纳空间大小和上下两个半旋回的厚度进一步划分为七个亚类型:即低可容纳空间向上“变深”的对称型（A₁型），高可容纳空间向上“变深”的非对称型（A₂型），低可容纳空间向上变浅的非对称型（B₁型），高可容纳空间向上变浅的非对称型（B₂型），完全-近完全对称型（C₁型），以上升半旋回为主的不完全对称型（C₂型），以下降半旋回为主的不完全对称型（C₃型）。文中详细讨论了每个基本类型和亚类型的沉积背景、叠加样式、岩性组成和沉积动力学过程，并指出有利储集砂体在每种类型中的发育部位。在此基础上，总结了短期基准面旋回层序的变化规律和分布模式，指出从陆地向湖盆，短期基准面旋回层序类型具有从A₁型!A₂型!C₂型!C₁型!C₃型!B₁型!B₂型的变化规律，并简述了短期基准面旋回层序在油气勘探开发中的研究意义。     

准噶尔盆地石南地区清水河组一段层序地层特征

清水河组一段是石南31井区岩性油藏、石南44井区微幅构造油藏及整个腹部地区的重要产层，探究其层序地层特征对于指导研究区及整个腹部地区清水河组一段的隐蔽油气藏勘探有重要意义。通过对岩心、测井、地震等资料综合分析，指出清水河组一段相当于下白垩统第一个三级层序的低位及湖侵体系域。其层序地层特征显著，表现为:低位体系域以沟谷残余可容纳空间充填沉积为特点，分布较为局限，沟谷主要沉积辫状河道砂砾岩；湖侵体系域以退积型三角洲和三角洲前缘滑塌浊积扇沉积为主。建立了石南31井区的成藏模式，并指出三南凹陷中西部是岩性—地层油气藏勘探的有利区带。沟谷砂砾岩及三角洲前缘滑塌浊积扇可形成岩性圈闭，退积型三角洲可形成地层超覆圈闭；湖侵体系域顶部的泥岩可做为区域盖层；斜坡古地貌、深大断裂—中浅层断裂系统与不整合匹配为有效的输导体系。     

The mass accommodation coefficient of ammonia on water

The mass accommodation coefficient of ammonia gas on water has been determined by measuring the absorption rate of 50–200 ppm NH₃ in one atm of air or helium into a liquid jet of 97 µm diameter as function of the exposed jet length, and comparing the results with numerical simulations which treat as the only free parameter. The model considers in detail transport of NH₃ by molecular diffusion, penetration of the gas/water interface, hydrolysis in the acidified water, and transport of the solutes from the surface into the jet. A correction is applied for the time evolution of the jet surface speed, using literature data on the fluid mechanics of liquid jets. The result of nine sets of independent measurements is

Low‐accommodation and backwater effects on sequence stratigraphic surfaces and depositional architecture of fluvio‐deltaic settings (Cretaceous Mesa Rica Sandstone,Dakota Group,USA)

The adequate documentation and interpretation of regional‐scale stratigraphic surfaces is paramount to establish correlations between continental and shallow marine strata. However, this is often challenged by the amalgamated nature of low‐accommodation settings and control of backwater hydraulics on fluvio‐deltaic stratigraphy. Exhumed examples of full‐transect depositional profiles across river‐to‐delta systems are key to improve our understanding about interacting controlling factors and resultant stratigraphy. This study utilizes the ~400 km transect of the Cenomanian Mesa Rica Sandstone (Dakota Group, USA), which allows mapping of down‐dip changes in facies, thickness distribution, fluvial architecture and spatial extent of stratigraphic surfaces. The two sandstone units of the Mesa Rica Sandstone represent contemporaneous fluvio‐deltaic deposition in the Tucumcari sub‐basin (Western Interior Basin) during two regressive phases. Multivalley deposits pass down‐dip into single‐story channel sandstones and eventually into contemporaneous distributary channels and delta‐front strata. Down‐dip changes reflect accommodation decrease towards the paleoshoreline at the Tucumcari basin rim, and subsequent expansion into the basin. Additionally, multi‐storey channel deposits bound by erosional composite scours incise into underlying deltaic deposits. These represent incised‐valley fill deposits, based on their regional occurrence, estimated channel tops below the surrounding topographic surface and coeval downstepping delta‐front geometries. This opposes criteria offered to differentiate incised valleys from flood‐induced backwater scours. As the incised valleys evidence relative sea‐level fall and flood‐induced backwater scours do not, the interpretation of incised valleys impacts sequence stratigraphic interpretations. The erosional composite surface below fluvial strata in the continental realm represents a sequence boundary/regional composite scour (RCS). The RCS’ diachronous nature demonstrates that its down‐dip equivalent disperses into several surfaces in the marine part of the depositional system, which challenges the idea of a single, correlatable surface. Formation of a regional composite scour in the fluvial realm throughout a relative sea‐level cycle highlights that erosion and deposition occur virtually contemporaneously at any point along the depositional profile. This contradicts stratigraphic models that interpret low‐accommodation settings to dominantly promote bypass, especially during forced regressions. Source‐to‐sink analyses should account for this in order to adequately resolve timing and volume of sediment storage in the system throughout a complete relative sea‐level cycle.     

陆相湖盆古地形、可容空间的体积变化率与层序结构的关系

通过对东营凹陷和东濮凹陷的层序结构的差异进行了对比,并对东营凹陷和东濮凹陷的体积和地形进行了分析,认为陆相湖盆古地形、可容空间变化与总可容空间的比值(可容空间的体积变化率)与层序结构有密切关系。沙三段沉积期,东营凹陷三级湖平面变化引起的可容空间的体积变化率与东濮凹陷四级湖平面变化引起的可容空间的体积变化率相近。东营凹陷沙三段沉积时期盆地体积大、地形陡,层序的发育主要受三级湖平面变化的控制,因此层序厚度大,层序内部砂体厚度大,分布相对集中。而东濮凹陷沙三段沉积时期,盆地体积小,地形较缓,层序的发育主要受四级湖平面变化的控制,因此层序厚度小,层序内部砂体厚度小,分布广,不稳定。     

哥伦比亚OMBU区古近系Em组层序地层研究

综合利用地震、测井等地质资料,运用层序地层学方法和技术,建立了层序地层格架和对比模式,对研究区古近系Em组地层的发育展布特征以及沉积环境进行了研究。Em组顶底均为区域上的不整合面,内部划分为两期基准面升降体系域。构造运动和沉积物供应控制下的基准面升级使得沉积初期研究区发育辩状河-曲流河沉积体系,至晚期演变为曲流河沉积体系。     

Measurements of Reaction Coefficients of NO2 and HONO on Aerosol Particles

The reaction coefficients of nitrogen dioxide and nitrous acid with monodisperse sodium chloride and ammonium sulphate aerosols have been measured in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. These experiments were performed at relative humidities above and below the deliquescence points of both aerosols (r.h. 50 and 85%) at 279 K. The results for NO₂ afford a reaction coefficient in the range (2.8–10) × 10^-4 and for HONO, (2.8–4.6) × 10^-3. For both species, there appears to be an enhancement of the reaction coefficient on sodium chloride aerosol at 50% r.h. The results are compared with reaction coefficients determined by other experimental methods. A good agreement is found for both gases between this method and the coated denuder method previously developed in our research laboratories (Msibi et al., 1993) and with the majority of other published data for NO₂. In the case of HONO, our estimate of reaction coefficient is smaller than, or at the lower limits of the ranges reported by other published studies.     

A morphological investigation of marine transgression in estuaries

The landscape setting of estuaries varies widely and is an important aspect of determining how they evolve. This paper focusses on alluvial estuaries in river valleys and how they respond to sea level rise. We examine the implications of marine transgression, as a response to sea level rise, where the estuary moves upwards and landwards to maintain its position in the tidal frame (so-called stratigraphic rollover). Here we encapsulate such kinematic movement of the estuary morphology using a ‘morphokinematic’ model, to assess the potential response to sea level rise and sediment supply. The model of the estuary form includes a single convergent channel, intertidal and surrounding floodplains (the valley) and allows the relative importance of the space available for deposition of sediments, the accommodation space, to be investigated as a function of rates of sea level rise and sediment supply. The transgression of the system is determined using a sediment mass balance, taking account of any supply from the river and marine environment. Model results confirm that the transgression distance, measured as the distance the entity moves landward, varies in proportion to the change in accommodation space, which mainly depends on the floodplain area. As the size of the floodplain reduces, the transgression distance is less and the system becomes much more sensitive to changes in the rate of sea level rise or changes in sediment supply. The greater demand for sediment when a floodplain is present results in greater cannibalization of the estuary form (i.e. greater landward movement) to meet the sediment demand. When the floodplain is disconnected from the estuary, the synergistic relationship is lost and the accommodation space increases. The capacity for restoration will depend on the availability of sediment and the prevailing rate of sea level rise.