Modeling fish growth and reproduction in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory to predict environmental impact on anchovy spawning duration

Spawning location and timing are critical for understanding fish larval survival. The impact of a changing environment on spawning patterns is, however, poorly understood. A novel approach is to consider the impact of the environment on individual life histories and subsequent spawnings. In the present work, we extend the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory to investigate how environment variability impacts the spawning timing and duration of a multiple-batch spawning species. The model is successfully applied to reproduce the growth and reproduction of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay. The model captures realistically the start and ending of the spawning season, including the timing of the spawning events, and the change in egg number per batch. Using a realistic seasonal forcing of temperature and food availability derived from a bio-physical model, our simulation results show that two thirds of the total spawned mass already accumulates before the start of the spawning season and that the condition factor increases with body length. These simulation results are in accordance with previous estimations and observations on growth and reproduction of anchovy. Furthermore, we show how individuals of equal length can differ in reproductive performance according to the environmental conditions they encounter prior to the spawning season. Hatch date turns out to be key for fecundity at age-1 as it partly controls the ability to build up reserves allocated to reproduction. We suggest the model can be used to realistically predict spawning in spatially and temporally varying environments and provide initial conditions for bio-physical models used to predict larval survival.     

Influence of nutritional stress on digestive enzyme activities in juveniles of two marine clam species, Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra

The potential use of digestive activities as indicators of the nutritional status in bivalves is discussed in relation to the results obtained in two clam species exposed to starvation and refeeding. Activities of some digestive enzymes (amylase, laminarinase, cellulase, and protease) were measured in juveniles of two commercially interesting species of clams, Ruditapes decussatus and Venerupis pullastra. The specimens were fed normally, being after subjected to a 15-days starvation and a further refeeding period. Samples were obtained at different moments of such feeding schedule to evaluate enzymes as well as weight (live, dry and organic) and length, in order to calculate growth rates and feeding efficiencies. Starvation led to a major decrease in clam growth as measured by dry weight and a negative growth as measured by organic weight, this coinciding with a certain degree of growth of the shell and a consumption of soft tissue. This response occurred more rapidly in R. decussatus but was of a lower magnitude than in V. pullastra. Activity of carbohydrases decreased rapidly in both species with starvation, although protease activity was maintained in R. decussatus. Recovery after the end of starvation was not similar in both species; while R. decussatus attained similar growth rates and enzyme activities to those measured prior to nutritional stress, V. pullastra only recovered 50% of its initial values. For both species of bivalves it can be concluded that digestive enzymes, and more specifically amylase, could be used as indicative of their nutritional condition.     

南方鲇的饥饿代谢研究

于１９９６年１月９日－６月１２日,在西南师范大学鱼类能量学实验室,对南鲇幼鱼（６１．７－９２．３ｇ）进行了２７．５℃条件下的饥饿耐受性实验,并采用连续流水式呼吸仪测定了实验鱼在此期间的静止代谢率。结果表明,饥饿至１５６ｄ时,５０％的实验鱼死亡。饥饿鱼代谢水平的变化可分为４个阶段：（１）饥饿１－２０ｄ,代谢率再饥饿时间延长而呈直线下降;（２０饥饿２１－８１ｄ,处于相对稳定状态;（３）饥饿８１－９１ｄ     

罗氏沼虾幼体摄食和饥饿的初步研究

在室内实验条件下，对罗氏沼虾各期蚤状幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体量及早期饥饿对蚤幼发育变态的影响进行了试验。结果表明，罗氏沼虾幼体从ＺⅡ开始摄食，ＺⅢ摄食量明显增加，日摄食卤虫无节约体量为１９个，随着蜕皮变态．日摄食量逐渐增大．到ＺⅥ日摄食量达９０个，但在蜕变皮间期内日摄食量差别不大，从Ｚ１发育至Ｐ１平均每尾幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体总量为１０９４个。饥饿对罗氏沼虾幼体早期的变态和成活有明显影响，罗氏沼虾幼体的ＰＮＲ１０Ｏ约为４ｄ。     

饥饿对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)雌核发育二倍体仔鱼前期生长的影响

针对饥饿对大菱鲆雌核发育二倍体仔鱼前期生长发育的影响进行研究,并对仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点进行了测定。结果表明,水温14.5—16℃的培育条件下,大菱鲆雌核发育饥饿仔鱼卵黄于5—6日龄消耗殆尽,油球6—7日龄消耗殆尽;饥饿仔鱼最高初次摄食率出现在4日龄,为85.3%;仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点出现在8日龄;饥饿仔鱼全长生长速度显著慢于投喂仔鱼,6日龄后全长呈负增长,并且出现胸角突出、体色暗黑、消化道萎缩等较为明显的饥饿特征。本实验同时对大菱鲆常规二倍体仔鱼的饥饿耐受情况对照研究,表明,常规二倍体饥饿仔鱼的卵黄和油球消耗规律、初次摄食率变化、PNR点及全长生长与雌核发育仔鱼无显著差异。     

饥饿对太平洋鲑(Oncorhynchus spp.)鱼体脂肪与脂肪酸的影响

采用禁食试验方法进行了太平洋鲑生长鱼经8—32d饥饿后对其鱼体脂肪与脂肪酸变化的影响研究。结果表明,饥饿期间脂肪是太平洋鲑主要的能量来源,饥饿初期太平洋鲑主要消耗肝脏脂肪作为能量维持生命活动,能耗较低;饥饿中后期主要以消耗肠系膜脂肪和肌肉脂肪作为能量维持生命活动,能耗逐步增加(P<0.05)。饥饿后,鱼体肝脏、背肌和肠系膜脂肪中大多数饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)比例显著性下降(P<0.05),大多数多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)(P<0.05)比例显著性上升,表明太平洋鲑饥饿期间主要消耗SFA和MUFA供能,而PUFA多予以保留,较少消耗供能;二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)比例和DHA/EPA比值均升高显著性上升(P<0.05),表明太平洋鲑在饥饿条件对脂肪中的DHA和EPA,特别是DHA有较强选择性保留能力。鱼体对肝脏、背肌和肠系膜脂肪利用差异性的主要原因是其组织器官中脂肪酸比例不同。鱼体主要利用体内不同组织脂肪中的SFA和MUFA供能,从而节约了机体蛋白质与脂肪中的PUFA以维持重要的生命活动。