The two species of sprat in New Zealand waters (Sprattus antipodum and S. muelleri)

Two broadly sympatric species of sprat are shown to inhabit New Zealand waters, the more slender Sprattus antipodum (Hector, 1872) and the more common and deeper‐bodied S. muelleri (Klunzinger, 1872). Overlap in most morphometric and meristic characters had earlier led to their synonymy, but recent protein analysis suggested otherwise. This is now confirmed by distinct differences in shape and dentition of the basihyal plate, vertebral numbers, scale sculpture, and fresh colour. The five known species of Sprattus are keyed and the genus diagnosed and discussed.     

牟氏角毛藻的有机渗出物及其对铜的络合作用

对牟氏角毛藻(chaetoceros muelleri)进行一次性的培养过程,不同时间取藻培养液过滤,测定滤液中的COD及铜络合容量CC_(cu)值。结果表明,牟氏角毛藻在生长过程中向体外渗出有机物,在指数生长期渗出的有机物量很少;细胞渗出有机物明显增加;出现在静止期之后。牟氏角毛藻的细胞渗出物对铜具有络合能力,CCcu值从初始到192小时,由1.65×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到2.20×10~(-7)mol/dm~3。铜络合物的条件稳定常数在整个培养过程中无明显改变,logKcuL变化范围从7.27到7.74。过滤藻液的COD值从初始到192小时由0.81mg/dm~3增加到1.58mg/dm~3。     

铜、锌、铅、镉对海洋浮游藻的毒性效应

研究了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd四种重金属离子活度对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、球等边金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、叉边金藻(Dirateria inornate)的毒性效应。藻对重金属的响应曲线包括平台区、阈值、半数效应值、零增长值。对于Cu,三种藻的阈值分别为p~aCu=8.5,p~aCu=8.7,p~aCu=8.9。三种藻的零增长值分别为p~aCu=7.0,p~aCu=7.1,p~aCu=7.3。对于Zn,三种藻的阈值分别为p~aZn=8.0,p~aZn=8.5,p~aZn=9.5。两种藻的零增长值分别为p~aZn=6.3,p~aZn=6.9。对于Pb,二种藻的阈值分别为p~aPb=10.8,p~aPb=9.5:一种藻的零生长值在p~aPb=8.2。对于Cd,三种藻的阈值分别为p~aCd=8.9,p~aCd=10.3,p~aCd=10.5。两种藻的零增长值出现在p~aCd=8.1和p~aCd=8.4。对于牟氏角毛藻,四种重金属的毒性强弱顺序为Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu。对于叉边金藻的毒性顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn。对于等边金藻的顺序为Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb。     

Light requirements of the seagrass,Zostera muelleri,determined by observations at the maximum depth limit in a temperate estuary,New Zealand

The Kaipara Harbour in New Zealand is one of the largest estuarine systems in the world, containing significant areas of subtidal seagrass habitat (Zostera muelleri). Light availability at the maximum depth limit for Z. muelleri was measured at 2.10 (0.19 SEM) and 4.91 (0.53 SEM) mol photons m^?2 d^?1 during the winter and summer monitoring periods, respectively. The primary drivers of benthic light availability were found to be surface light availability, the timing of the low tide and water clarity. Core sampling analysis suggested that biomass of seagrass growing at the maximum depth limit was low, indicative of light limitation. The results of this study suggest that the subtidal distribution of seagrass in the Kaipara Harbour is light-limited and that reductions in water clarity due to changes in land use are likely to result in significant reductions in the extent and productivity of subtidal seagrass habitat.     

用包埋脱水法冰冻保存牟氏角刺藻

采用包埋脱水法研究了牟氏角刺藻(Chaetaceros muelleri)的超低温保存，探讨了影响存活率的内、外因素：藻细胞年龄、蔗糖浓度、脱水速率、胶球含水量等。结果 表明，将处于静止初期的藻细胞包埋在含有0．5mol／L蔗糖的3％褐藻酸钙胶球中，以平均速率0．9％含水量／h脱水至胶球含水量为40％的条件下冰冻存活率较高，可达到30％左右。与常规的两步法冰冻保存相比。包埋脱水法可大大简化操作程序，是保存牟氏角刺藻的一种有潜力的方法。     

Impacta of CO2 enrichment on growth and photosynthesis in freshwater and marine diatoms

The physiological responses of Nitzschia palea Kiitzing, a freshwater diatom, to elevated CO2 were investigated and compared with those of a marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann previously reported. Elevated CO2 concentration to 700 μl/L increased the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and lowered the pH in the cultures of N. palea, thus enhancing the growth by 4%-20% during the whole growth period. High CO2-grown N. palea cells showed lower levels of dark respiration rates and higher Ik values. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic efficiencies decreased in N. palea with the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the bottom of cultures, although the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the surface cultures had few effects on these two photosynthetic parameters. N. palea cells were found to be capable of using HCO3- in addition to gaseous CO2, and the CO2 enrichment decreased their affinity for HCO3- and CO2. Although doubled CO2 level would enhance the biomass of N. palea and C. muelleri to different extents, compared with the marine diatom, it had a significant effect on the specific growth rates of N. palea. In addition, the responses of photosynthetic parameters of N. palea to doubled CO2 concentration were almost opposite to those of C. muelleri.     

The Distribution of Midwater Fish Maurolicus muelleri (GMELIN) Eggs in the Jabuka Pit Region of the Adriatic Sea

Abstract. The distribution of M. muelleri eggs throughout the Adriatic Sea were studied in relation to environmental conditions. Eggs were present in all seasons, with the highest concentrations in the small region of the Jabuka pit (273m depth). The authors point out that the geomorphological, hydrographic and trophic conditions in this small region of the Adriatic are favourable for the presence of greater M. muelleri populations.     

The dynamics of postovulatory follicle degeneration and oocyte growth in Baltic sprat

Ovaries of Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus S.) were analysed histologically to identify stages of postovulatory follicles (POF) and to assess the oocyte development pattern. Samples were taken every 3 h during a 24 h trawl survey conducted in the Bornholm Basin in April 2007. Gonad histology revealed spawning of sprat throughout the day which hampered the exact ageing of POFs by the postovulatory follicle method and therefore did not allow direct estimation of spawning frequency. However, it was possible to define four stages of POFs, according to their histological features. The occurrence of these POF stages (I to IV) corresponded clearly to the development of the leading oocyte cohort. Further, the oocyte recruitment pattern revealed that the spawning batch can be identified prior to hydration. The POF stages I and II were present almost exclusively in vitellogenic ovaries, POF III were found in ovaries in the germinal vesicle stage, and the most deteriorated POF stage IV was found in actively spawning fish with hydrated oocytes. Since POF were absent only in very few ovaries (5%), and in each ovary in general only one POF stage was present, the duration of POF degeneration approximately equals the average batch interval, i.e. the time lag between subsequent spawning events. The results of the present study will serve as basis for future studies on Baltic sprat oocyte recruitment and daily spawning fraction.