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1.
Few long-term studies have explored how intensively managed short rotation forest plantations interact with climate variability. We examine how prolonged severe drought and forest operations affect runoff in 11 experimental catchments on private corporate forest land near Nacimiento in south central Chile over the period 2008–2019. The catchments (7.7–414 ha) contain forest plantations of exotic fast-growing species (Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus spp.) at various stages of growth in a Mediterranean climate (mean long-term annual rainfall = 1381 mm). Since 2010, a drought, unprecedented in recent history, has reduced rainfall at Nacimiento by 20%, relative to the long-term mean. Pre-drought runoff ratios were <0.2 under 8-year-old Eucalyptus; >0.4 under 21-year-old Radiata pine and >0.8 where herbicide treatments had controlled vegetation for 2 years in 38% of the catchment area. Early in the study period, clearcutting of Radiata pine (85%–95% of catchment area) increased streamflow by 150 mm as compared with the year before harvest, while clearcutting and partial cuts of Eucalyptus did not increase streamflow. During 2008–2019, the combination of emerging drought and forestry treatments (replanting with Eucalyptus after clearcutting of Radiata pine and Eucalyptus) reduced streamflow by 400–500 mm, and regeneration of previously herbicide-treated vegetation combined with growth of Eucalyptus plantations reduced streamflow by 1125 mm (87% of mean annual precipitation 2010–2019). These results from one of the most comprehensive forest catchment studies in the world on private industrial forest land indicate that multiple decades of forest management have reduced deep soil moisture reservoirs. This effect has been exacerbated by drought and conversion from Radiata pine to Eucalyptus, apparently largely eliminating subsurface supply to streamflow. The findings reveal tradeoffs between wood production and water supply, provide lessons for adapting forest management to the projected future drier climate in Chile, and underscore the need for continued experimental work in managed forest plantations. 相似文献
2.
试论新世纪地理信息科学的发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文重点分析了当前国内外地理信息科学的形成与发展趋势和地理信息科学不断发展的历程 ,提出近期发展的前沿 ,以及当前地理信息产业化面临的一些重要问题。最后提出对地理信息科学发展的意见。 相似文献
3.
T.-C. Jim Yeh 《水文研究》1992,6(4):369-395
This paper presents an introductory overview of recently developed stochastic theories for tackling spatial variability problems in predicting groundwater flow and solute transport. Advantages and limitations of the theories are discussed. Lastly, strategies based on the stochastic approaches to predict solute transport in aquifers are recommended. 相似文献
4.
基于ARP协议的网络主机地址的识别技术研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
从移动IPv6工作原理入手,IP地址管理器是针对越来越严重的IP地址盗用现象而设计的一套有效的监控和管理IP地址的方案。分析与研究IP地址管理器中的信息收集模块后,以Winpcap为开发工具,利用ARP,附等协议完成对网络中活动主机的扫描以及信息(主机名、MAC、操作系统)的收集和识别。模块实现了对网络的自动实时监控,有效地提高了管理效率。 相似文献
5.
李毅心 《成都信息工程学院学报》2006,21(2):206-209
积件技术是教学软件发展的方向,探讨了用Power Builder前台结合SQL Server关系数据库后台进行多媒体教学积件管理的应用模式,并结合具体教学示例,进行了分析说明。 相似文献
6.
The ordinary kriging method, a geostatistical interpolation technique, was applied for developing contour maps of design storm depth in northern Taiwan using intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) data. Results of variogram modelling on design storm depths indicate that the design storms can be categorized into two distinct storm types: (i) storms of short duration and high spatial variation and (ii) storms of long duration and less spatial variation. For storms of the first category, the influence range of rainfall depth decreases when the recurrence interval increases, owing to the increasing degree of their spatial independence. However, for storms of the second category, the influence range of rainfall depth does not change significantly and has an average of approximately 72 km. For very extreme events, such as events of short duration and long recurrence interval, we do not recommend usage of the established design storm contours, because most of the interstation distances exceed the influence ranges. Our study concludes that the influence range of the design storm depth is dependent on the design duration and recurrence interval and is a key factor in developing design storm contours. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
张和庆 《广东海洋大学学报》2003,23(5):15-23
介绍了我国海洋倾废的历史、发展过程和管理现状 ,分析了海洋倾倒的现状和面临的困难。文章还提出通过高新技术把疏浚泥迅速转化为再生资源进行利用和污染土无害化处理技术 ,从根本上减少疏浚泥海洋倾倒的数量和缓减海洋倾倒区紧张的状况 ,减少对海洋环境的污染 相似文献
8.
文章阐述了地勘单位物业管理社会化的必然性和内函 ,提出发展地勘单位物业管理的基本内容和需要解决的问题 ,最终实现以业养业 ,自我发展。 相似文献
9.
The supraregional GIS-supported stochastical model, WEKU, for the determination of groundwater residence times in the upper
aquifers of large groundwater provinces is presented. Using a two-dimensional analytical model of groundwater flow, groundwater
residence times are determined within two extreme cases. In the first case, maximal groundwater residence times are calculated,
representing the part of groundwater, that is drained by the main surface water of a groundwater catchment area. In the second
case, minimal groundwater residence times for drainage into the nearest surface water are determined. Using explicit distribution
functions of the input parameters, mean values as well as potential ranges of variations of the groundwater residence times
are derived. The WEKU model has been used for the determination of groundwater residence times throughout Germany. The model
results – mean values and deviations of the groundwater velocity and the maximal and minimal groundwater residence times in
the upper aquifers – are presented by general maps and discussed in detail. It is shown that the groundwater residence times
in the upper aquifer vary regionally, differentiated between less than 1 year and more than 2000 years. Using this information,
the time scales can be specified, until measures to remediate polluted groundwater resources may lead to a substantial groundwater
quality improvement in the different groundwater provinces of Germany. With respect to its supraregional scale of application,
the WEKU model may serve as a useful tool for the supraregional groundwater management on a state, federal or international
level.
Received: 15 August 1995 · Accepted: 15 October 1995 相似文献
10.
Matthias Schmidt 《山地科学学报》2005,2(2):91-104
Using political ecology as its conceptual framework, this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan's walnut-fruit forests over the last century The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side, their interests and demands, and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management - and even the recognition of different forest products as resources - are connected with political and socioeconomic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique, characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products; and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule, when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era, a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly, which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions, but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present, the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate, which has resulted in the forests' gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization, increased communication and transregional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today, walnut wood and burls, walnuts, wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless, it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors - the present transformation and globalization processes, the appearance of new actors, the local population's insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions - are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests, resulting in their degradation. 相似文献