Timing effects on the fragmentation of small scale blocks of granodiorite

A series of small scale tests, simulating multi-hole blasts have been performed to establish the effect of delays on blast fragmentation. The blasts were performed in high quality granodiorite blocks, which were cut from stone prepared by dimensional stone quarry operations. The pattern used was equilateral triangular, with a distance of 10.2 cm between boreholes, which had a diameter of 11 mm, were loaded with detonating cord and the coupling medium was water. The delays used were achieved using different lengths of detonating cord for the cases of delays between 0 and 100 μs between holes and a sequential blasting machine firing seismic detonators for larger delays up to 4 ms. All fragments were collected and screened. The experiments showed that the worst fragmentation was achieved with simultaneous initiation of all charges. Fragmentation improved with the delay time between holes up to 1 ms between holes. If the experiments are scaled up, the results show that in granodiorite, fragmentation optimization requires delays of few milliseconds per metre of burden. The findings, agree with previously published work, involving larger scale experiments and other rock types.     

小白洋淀水-沉积物系统多环芳烃的分布、来源与生态风险

以端村小白洋淀为研究对象,利用GC-MS测定了6个样点水、悬浮物和沉积物中15种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了其组成与来源特征,探讨了不同多环芳烃单体的生态风险,结果表明:(1)15种优控多环芳烃的总含量(PAH15),水相为40.1-74.0ng/L,算术均值51.0ng/L;悬浮物为2438.0-5927.0ng/g,算术均值4528ng/g;沉积物为466.9-1366.4ng/g,算术均值为755.6ng/g;与国内外有关研究相比,污染较轻,(2)三相中均以2、3环PAHs为主,其比例均高于80%;并且,从水相、悬浮物相到沉积物相,2环PAHs依次降低,3环、4环依次升高,高环检出率和含量也依次升高,(3)沉积物中多环芳烃的来源以生物质燃料(秸秆、薪材)和煤的燃烧为主,以液体化石燃料(汽油、柴油和原油)的燃烧为辅,(4)沉积物中的芴(FLO)、菲(PHE)含量在潜在生态风险效应区间低值(ERL)与中值(ERM)之间,其生态风险几率介于10%-50%之间;其他PAHs单体的含量均低于ERL,其生态风险几率均低于10%.     

超前小导管注浆在卵砾石地层水工隧洞施工中应用

结合北京西郊砂石坑蓄洪工程的阜石路砂石坑暗涵隧洞试验段工程实践, 对卵砾石地层浅埋水工隧洞进行了超前小导管注浆的现场试验工作。文章基于试验成果, 得到了该隧洞地层注浆配比、注浆量、影响范围等关键参数, 为隧洞开挖安全施工和进度优化提供依据。研究的方法及结论可为类似条件下隧洞工程的设计、施工和进一步的理论研究提供参考和借鉴。     

不同高径比时软岩强度与变形尺寸效应试验研究

以直径20~50 mm,高径比为2︰1的粉砂岩、花岗岩和大理岩为研究对象,探讨尺寸变化和岩性对岩样应力-应变曲线、破坏、单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比的影响,并分析产生尺寸效应的原因。试验结果表明,随着尺寸的增大：3种岩样的应力-应变曲线吻合度逐渐增强;粉砂岩及大理岩的破坏形式由单斜面剪切破坏向X状共轭斜面剪切破坏发展,花岗岩主要以X状共轭斜面剪切破坏为主,破坏程度均逐渐增大;3种岩样的单轴抗压强度与弹性模量整体呈增大的趋势,且在直径20~30 mm之间增幅较大,30~50 mm之间增幅较小;不同岩样的破坏形式大致相同,但应力-应变曲线离散性、峰值后应力-应变曲线特征、破坏程度有所差别。泊松比无明确尺寸效应特征,使用电阻应变片式的局部测量方式并不能很好地反应岩石试件的变形特征。产生尺寸效应的主要原因为岩样本身的不均质性,其次为端部效应。     

小流域水分行为、生态效应及其优化调控研究方面的若干问题

把小流域水文生态研究,分解为小流域水分行为、生态效应及其优化调控研究3个方面。在分析国内外研究现状与问题的基础上,指出了其需要系统加以探讨的若干内容,认为由此可构建流域水文生态学的基本框架,进而发展流域水文生态学。     

伊舒断裂带南、北段震源参数研究

利用时间城小地震地震图的方法，研究了震源参数与介质特性的差异。据初步研究结果，伊通－舒兰断裂南、北两段的震源应力降与Ｑ值存在差异。该方法是断层的震源深度范围内介质特性研究的补充，为断裂的分段提供一个重要方法     

Compliance costs and the small fisher: A study of exiters from the New Zealand fishery

Over 3000 predominantly small-scale fishers have exited the New Zealand's quota management system (QMS) between its inception in 1986 and 2000. This study, based on the Ministry of Fisheries database and a questionnaire sent to the exiters, establishes that compliance costs in general, and those specifically related to the QMS, were one of the most consistent reasons for exit. Uncertainty about future QMS policy and the high cost of quota were also significant factors. It appears that the small fishers’ perception of high compliance cost can be supported by industry data.     

Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment in the western subarctic pacific (SEEDS II)

A mesoscale iron-enrichment study (SEEDS II) was carried out in the western subarctic Pacific in the summer of 2004. The iron patch was traced for 26 days, which included observations of the development and the decline of the bloom by mapping with sulfur hexafluoride. The experiment was conducted at almost the same location and the same season as SEEDS (previous iron-enrichment experiment). However, the results were very different between SEEDS and SEEDS II. A high accumulation of phytoplankton biomass (∼18 mg chl m⁻³) was characteristic of SEEDS. In contrast, in SEEDS II, the surface chlorophyll-a accumulation was lower, 0.8 to 2.48 mg m⁻³, with no prominent diatom bloom. Photosynthetic competence in terms of F _v/F _m for the total phytoplankton community in the surface waters increased after the iron enrichments and returned to the ambient level by day 20. These results suggest that the photosynthetic physiology of the phytoplankton assemblage was improved by the iron enrichments and returned to an iron-stressed condition during the declining phase of the bloom. Pico-phytoplankton (<2 μm) became dominant in the chlorophyll-a size distribution after the bloom. We observed a nitrate drawdown of 3.8 μM in the patch (day 21), but there was no difference in silicic acid concentration between inside and outside the patch. Mesozooplankton (copepod) biomass was three to five times higher during the bloom-development phase in SEEDS II than in SEEDS. The copepod biomass increased exponentially. The grazing rate estimation indicates that the copepod grazing prevented the formation of an extensive diatom bloom, which was observed in SEEDS, and led to the change to a pico-phytoplankton dominated community towards the end of the experiment.     

九龙江口春季微型浮游生物数量变动及其与小型水母消长的关系

通过2011年春季对九龙江口的生态调查,对浮游植物、微型浮游动物以及小型水母的种类组成和数量变动特征并对分粒级叶绿素进行了研究,同时还分析了营养盐、温度和盐度等环境参数。调查共记录浮游植物种类45种,以硅藻门的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulate)、针杆藻(Synedra spp.),以及绿藻门的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、甲藻门的微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum),蓝藻门的优美平裂藻(Merismopedia elegans)具有较高的检出率;微型浮游动物分为4大类,红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)占有最大的比例为55.5%-79.8%,无壳纤毛虫次之,砂壳纤毛虫和无节幼体所占的比例均不足10%;小型水母种类组成中主要以弗洲指突水母(Blackfordia virginica)、球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa)、厦门和平水母(Eirene xiamenensis)以及水螅水母幼体(Hydroidomedusae larvae)为主要优势类群,占小型水母总量的85%以上。小型水母数量在4月底和5月初达到丰度最高值(69.49±29.4)ind/L,此时微型浮游动物数量从小型水母出现初期的峰值(1085±574.66)ind/L下降为(526±152.93)ind/L,同时micro级叶绿素占总叶绿素比例达到最大值(42.26±12.94)%。小型水母数量下降后,微型浮游动物的数量回升。在小型水母数量消长过程中,浮游植物、微型浮游动物和小型水母数量间处于动态平衡。