Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

三联灭活细菌疫苗诱导的大黄鱼肾组织SMART cDNA文库的构建

大黄鱼(Pseudos ciaenacrocea(Richardson))是我国特有的经济鱼种,以其味道鲜美,营养丰富和极高的药用价值而受到青睐,在大黄鱼人工育苗和网箱养殖等技术相继成熟之后,人工养殖得到迅猛发展,仅福建省2000年就有养殖网箱约30万[1].由于养殖规模的不断扩大和养殖环境日益恶化,导致大面积细菌性疾病的爆发[2~5],给大黄鱼的养殖业造成了巨大的损失.对于细菌性疾病的防治,目前主要使用抗生素.     

基于FY3B VIRR数据的新疆沙尘天气遥感监测应用研究

新疆是我国沙尘天气多发区,但是地面测站稀少,使用卫星遥感监测沙尘天气有非常大的优势。利用国家卫星气象中心开发并向各省推广的SMART业务系统,以FY-3B/VIRR为数据源,采用以人机交互方式分析区域沙尘遥感监测方法。以2012年数据为例,对沙尘天气进行了遥感监测,结果表明FY-3B/VIRR数据可有效提取沙尘天气信息,具有较好的沙尘监测评估业务应用前景。     

智慧冬奥2022天气预报示范计划的实施与评估

主要介绍了“智慧冬奥2022天气预报示范计划”(简称FDP)的运行与评估结果。此次FDP是在我国首次针对中纬度山区0～10 d冬季天气预报展开的示范计划,国内气象部门内外共22家单位、近40个数值模式或客观预报系统参与了该计划。FDP实现了实时运行所需的多种源数据和多源数据产品的高效传输分发、监控、实时处理、综合集成显示。首次开展了次百米级客观预报、人工智能释用订正预报等新型技术在冬奥复杂山地赛场的实时示范应用,为冬奥气象中心和3个赛区预报团队提供了丰富多样和稳定可靠的高精度客观产品,有力支撑了高标准的冬奥气象服务保障。针对参与FDP产品的系统性检验评估发现,与模式系统原始预报相比,释用后的专项站点预报对平均风、阵风、温度、相对湿度等要素的预报误差明显减小。但是对于冬季复杂山地的降水、能见度预报,客观预报技术还有待进一步改进,而且站点解释应用效果不明显。此次FDP对风、温度、降水、能见度、相对湿度的最优预报检验指标(最小误差值),总体体现了目前国内在中纬度山区冬季天气客观预报的大致水平和现实能力,对于认识复杂山地冬季天气预报存在困难、提升高精度天气预报水平等具有极为重要的价值。