Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

上海市月降尘量与气象因子间关系研究

本文利用上海市1993～2003年月降尘量和同期气象资料，运用统计学方法和图表说明、物理解释相结合的方法，研究了降尘量的年、月际变化，表明：降尘量的年际变化存在明显的下降趋势；降尘量月际变化的高值出现在春、夏季月份，与北方燃煤量大的城市差别较大。同时更为详细地研究了降尘量和气象条件之间的关系，结果表明：风向、风速频率和雨日数是影响降尘量的主要气象因子，而温度、湿度对降尘量没有明显的影响，并简要说明了影响机制，解释了年、月际变化。     

跨界旅游区的组织网络结构与合作模型——以大别山天堂寨为例

跨界旅游区是旅游发展潜力大而管理对象复杂的地理单元,成为旅游地理学区域性研究新焦点。立足于组织际关系(IORs)和社会网络理论方法视角,剖析出跨界旅游区空间合作行为实质为跨界旅游组织之间接触交流的网络构建和重组。在相应的社会网络评价指标体系建立的基础上,对大别山天堂寨跨界旅游区网络结构和跨界合作进行实证分析,并经核心—边缘模型验证,表明:①从网络密度看,天堂寨整体网络密度较局域网络密度小,呈现出行政区内的强联结和行政区之间的弱联结,网络结构洞特征凸显;低层级行政区之间网络密度大于高层级行政区之间的网络密度;跨界维度越多,网络密度越小,说明跨界旅游活动存在显著的边界效应。②从网络节点中心度看,局域中心度最大,整体中心度次之,边界中心度最小,从一个侧面印证了旅游行政区经济存在且相当强势。③根据Francisco的组织际合作关系整合模型,发现天堂寨跨界旅游合作处于由弱合作阶段向中合作阶段过渡。进一步降低交易成本,增加各方共识度,营造良好的外部环境,采取组建跨界旅游联盟,进而提高跨界合作强度,是实现天堂寨跨界旅游区可持续发展的重要途径。     

用爆破地震研究湖南省深部构造与地震的关系

利用湖南省棋梓桥万罗山定向爆破观测资料,使用迭代法对棋梓桥至酃县剖面进行了二维构造反演,得到4层地壳结构模型:界面1埋深1.8—4km,v<6.0km/s;界面2埋深10.5—15km,6.0km/s相似文献   

Variation and correlations of selected heavy metals in sediment and aquatic plants in Tasik Chini,Malaysia

This paper aims to determine the correlation between Cd, Cu and Pb concentration in the sediment and in five aquatic plants sampled during wet, normal and dry seasons. Analyses of the sediment showed that concentrations of exchangeable Cd and Cd after acid reduction were higher during the wet season (October) than on other sampling dates with mean values of 0.18 and 0.29 μg g⁻¹, respectively. The concentration of Cu in the organic oxidation phase was higher in the normal season (January) than on other sampling dates with a mean value of 11.1 μg g⁻¹. The concentrations of exchangeable Pb and that in the residual phase were higher during the wet season than on other sampling dates with mean values of 1.05 and 9.18 μg g⁻¹, respectively. Cd and Pb concentrations in the leaves, stems and roots varied between sampling dates with a reduced concentration during dry season (July) and the highest metal concentrations (Cd and Pb) during wet season. There were positive correlations between Cd and Cu concentrations in the plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) of most aquatic plants in the acid reduction fraction. Conversely, there was no positive correlation between Pb concentration in the plant tissues of all aquatic plants and the acid reduction fraction of the sediment.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Trophic relationships on a fucoid shore in south-western Iceland as revealed by stable isotope analyses, laboratory experiments, field observations and gut analyses

Rocky shores in the North Atlantic are known for their zonation patterns of both algae and animals, which can be expected to greatly affect food availability to consumers at different height levels on the shore. We tested the hypothesis that consumers would feed on the most abundant suitable food source in their surroundings. In total 36 species/taxa of common primary producers and consumers were sampled for stable isotope analyses from a sheltered fucoid shore at Hvassahraun in south-western Iceland. A selection of these species was also collected seasonally and from different height levels. Feeding experiments, field observations and gut analyses were also conducted. Our results were in good overall agreement with pre-existing knowledge of trophic relationships in the rocky intertidal. Consumers often appeared to be assimilating carbon and nitrogen from the most common diet in their immediate surroundings. The predator Nucella lapillus was thus feeding on different prey at different height levels in accordance with different densities of prey species. When tested in the laboratory, individuals taken from low on the shore would ignore the gastropod Littorina obtusata, uncommon at that height level, even when starved, while individuals from mid-shore readily ate the gastropod. This indicated that some kind of learned behaviour was involved. There were, however, important exceptions, most noteworthy the relatively small contribution to herbivores, both slow moving (the gastropod L. obtusata) and fast moving (the isopod Idotea granulosa and the amphipod Gammarus obtusatus) of the dominant alga at this site, Ascophyllum nodosum. The recent colonizer Fucus serratus seemed to be favoured. Selective feeding was indicated both by isotope signatures as well as by results of feeding experiments. Seasonal migrations of both slow and fast moving species could partly explain patterns observed.