基于稳定同位素的东太平洋大青鲨(Prionace glauca)营养级研究

碳、氮稳定同位素为分析淡水和海洋生态系统的生物营养关系提供了有力手段,但在大洋鱼类中的应用还很少。本研究以热带东太平洋大青鲨(Prionace glauca)整节脊椎骨作为样品(叉长范围153—242cm),运用稳定同位素技术,分析大青鲨的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值及其变化,比较不同基线生物的选择对营养级计算的影响。结果表明,大青鲨δ~(13)C范围为–15.76‰—–13.41‰,最大差值2.35‰;δ~(15)N范围为10.62‰—17.72‰,最大差值7.1‰;δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值随个体长度的变化不明显(可能原因是样品鱼均为较大个体),性别间的差异不显著,但不同基线生物的选择对营养级计算值的影响较大。本文研究表明,通过整节脊椎骨的稳定同位素测定来获得大青鲨的摄食特征信息是可行的。由于基线生物对营养级计算的影响问题难以在短期内解决,今后可将相对营养级或营养级的变化作为重点,研究人类活动(如捕捞)对大洋鱼类摄食和营养级的影响。     

北大西洋大青鲨渔业生物学初步研究

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中最主要的兼捕鱼种之一,作为海洋生物链的顶端物种对海洋生态系统的稳定性和多样性起到了重要作用。作者根据中国金枪鱼渔业科学观察员在北大西洋海域(3°~55°N,15°~40°W)采集的2 112尾大青鲨数据,按不同性别对其渔业生物学特征进行初步研究。结果表明:雌、雄大青鲨的优势叉长组分别为180~220 cm、190~230 cm,雄性叉长均值显著大于雌性,雌、雄性比符合1︰1;大青鲨叉长-全长、尾凹长-全长的线性关系分别为L_F=0.8008L_T+7.3361,L_P=0.7576L_T–1.8479;北大西洋热带海域(3°~13°N)兼捕的大青鲨群体组成以大个体为主(180~240 cm),冰岛附近海域(48°~51°N)兼捕的大青鲨群体组成以小个体为主(100~210 cm);大青鲨叉长和质量关系式为W_R=7×10~(–6)L_F~(2.9994);大青鲨肝脏为性腺的发育提供能量,成熟个体的肝质量指数显著小于未成熟个体;热带海域兼捕的大青鲨以性成熟个体为主(96.9%),冰岛海域兼捕的大青鲨以未成熟个体居多(77.1%);50%雌性性成熟个体对应的叉长为178.7 cm,50%雄性性成熟个体对应叉长为173.6 cm;雌性怀仔大青鲨的叉长与其怀仔数量线性关系为L_S=0.419×L_F–49.7(R~2=0.3905),幼仔雌雄性比符合1︰1;胃含物中以沙丁鱼和鱿鱼出现频率最高。作者的研究有助于更好地了解北大西洋大青鲨的生物学特征,为区域性渔业管理组织评估大青鲨种群资源状态提供数据参考。     

First documented southern transatlantic migration of a blue shark Prionace glauca tagged off South Africa

The first documented recapture of a South African-tagged juvenile blue shark Prionace glauca off Uruguay lends weight to the hypothesis of a single blue shark population in the South Atlantic. The presence of neonate blue sharks with umbilical scars and females with post-parturition scars, as well as the high frequency of small juveniles in research longline catches, confirm the existence of a parturition and nursery area off South Africa. The final positions of three tagged sharks suggest that large-scale movement patterns in the South Atlantic are a mirror image of movements in the North Atlantic, with sharks using the north-westerly Benguela Drift to migrate into the tropics and ultimately across into South American waters. The confirmed existence of a parturition and nursery area off the south coast of South Africa and the movement of sharks into both adjacent ocean basins suggest that the southern African blue sharks are part of a single stock that straddles the South Atlantic and Indian oceans, and possibly the entire Southern Hemisphere.     

New and little‐known species of Heterorhabdidae (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the southwest pacific

Three new species of calanoid copepods are described: two in Heterorhabdus and one in Disseta. The males of H. pustulifer and H. caribbeanensis are described and the identities of H. proximus, H. norvegicus and H. austrinus are clarified. H. spinifer is recorded for the second time. A key to the subgenus Heterorhabdus is provided.