长江口盐度梯度下不同形态碳的分布、来源与混合行为

河口碳的生物地球化学过程是全球碳循环的重要组成。通过测定溶解无机碳（DIC）及其稳定同位素丰度（δ13C_DIC）,溶解有机碳（DOC）,有色溶解有机物（CDOM）,颗粒有机碳（POC）及其稳定同位素丰度（δ13C_POC）与元素比值（N/C）及相关指标,研究了2014年7月长江口盐度梯度下不同形态碳的分布、来源和混合行为。结果表明,DIC浓度、DOC浓度、POC含量分别为1 583.2~1 739.6 μmol/L,128.4~369.4 μmol/L和51.2~530.8 μmol/L,这些不同形态碳及CDOM的荧光组分的分布模式相似,均是从口内到口外,整体呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并与盐度呈现非保守混合行为。添加作用主要发生在在口门处最大浑浊带附近。与含量相反,从口内到口外,δ13C_DIC和δ13C_POC均呈现逐渐减小再增大的趋势,在口门附近达到最低值,分别为-9.7‰和-26.7‰。在口门附近不同形态碳含量上升及δ13C_DIC、δ13C_POC的降低可能主要与沉积物再悬浮及微生物作用有关。基于蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型的结果显示,河口内外POC来源变化明显,口内POC以陆源有机碳贡献为主,平均为62.3%,口外海源贡献逐渐增加。CDOM相关参数结果表明长江口CDOM主要来自陆源输入,海源及人类活动等也对其产生影响。     

中国卫星海洋观测系统及其传感器(1988—2025)

全面收集1988—2025年中国地球观测卫星(和飞船)计划,包括历史的、运行中的和列入未来计划的。详细介绍风云卫星系列(FY-n)、海洋卫星系列(HY-n)、资源卫星系列(ZY-n)、环境卫星系列(HJ-n)、中国遥感卫星系列(CRS-n)、灾害监测星座/北京小卫星(DMC/BJ-1)、神舟飞船系列(SZ-n)和天宫空间站系列(TG-n)等8个卫星(和飞船、空间站)系列。这些卫星(和飞船、空间站)系列都提供对海洋的观测,从而构成中国卫星海洋观测系统。按装载的传感器分类,进而给出中国的海色、海表温度、海面高度、海面风场和合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星观测系统。对中国海洋观测卫星与国际海洋观测卫星装载的传感器性能作了比较和讨论,指出差距。列出目前在轨运行的中国海洋卫星观测系统38个传感器及其类似的国外卫星传感器。     

南海北部水体叶绿素a浓度反演的生物光学模型

利用2003年至2005年秋季在南海多个航次的现场观测数据,研究了南海北部海区遥感反射率的变化,并分析了用于全球海洋叶绿素a浓度反演的OC2和OC4模型在本海区的适用性。结果表明,在南海北部海域,OC2和OC4模型高估了叶绿素a浓度,高估范围一般约在80%—200%之间,其中最高可达640%,即OC2和OC4模型并不适用于南海海域。在此基础上,根据现场实测的表观光学数据,利用遥感反射率比值(Rrs(433)/Rrs(555))与叶绿素a浓度的关系建立了两套能够精确反演南海北部海域叶绿素a浓度的本地化经验算法———算法1和算法2,并利用其对南海北部海域的叶绿素a浓度进行反演。结果表明,由本地化模型反演得到的叶绿素a浓度与实测的叶绿素a浓度具有较好的相关关系,其平均相对偏差分别为51%和53%,相关系数为0.75。     

Organochlorines and dioxin-like compounds in green-lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong mariculture zones

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and dioxin-like compounds were measured in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, collected from seven mariculture zones in Hong Kong between September and October in 2002 in order to evaluate the status, spatial distribution and potential sources of pollution in these areas. Concentrations ranged from 300 to 4400 ng/g lipid weight for total OCs and 170–1000 ng/g lipid weight for total PCBs (based on 28 congeners). Relatively smaller DDT concentrations in mussels compared with previous studies suggest reduced discharges of DDTs from nearby regions into Hong Kong waters. Detection of a mixture of HCH isomers in the mussels indicated that Hong Kong waters were predominantly contaminated by technical HCHs rather than lindane. Mussel samples from all sampling locations elicited significant dioxin-like activity in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. The greatest magnitude of dioxin-like response (39 pg TEQ/g wet wt.) was detected in mussels from Ma Wan in the western waters of Hong Kong, which is strongly influenced by the Pearl River discharge. Human health risk assessment was undertaken to evaluate potential risks associated with the consumption of the green-lipped mussels. Risk quotient (RQ) for dioxin-like compounds was greater than unity suggesting that adverse health effects may be associated with high mussel consumption.     

安徽龙河口水库沉积物碳、氮、磷地球化学记录及其环境意义

根据2004年在安徽龙河口水库采得的沉积物样芯以及上游三条主要河流的流域表层样品,对其有机碳、氮、磷含量以及其他气候代用指标进行了分析。研究发现晓天河流域样品有机碳、氮含量最高,柱样中各元素含量随深度增加缓慢变小,但在50cm深度有明显峰值出现。同时对沉积物中碳-氮和氮-磷耦合关系进行了讨论,推断其物质来源以河流携带陆源植物输入为主。其含量变化受物质来源、本身生物化学作用、人类活动等影响。     

Fluvial organic carbon composition and concentration variability within a peatland catchment—Implications for carbon cycling and water treatment

Fluvial organic carbon (OC) transformations are an important component of carbon cycling and greenhouse gas production in inland waters resulting in considerable recent interest in the fate of fluvial OC exported from carbon rich soils such as peatlands. Additionally, peatland catchments are important drinking water collection areas, where high OC concentrations in runoff have water treatment implications. This analysis presents the results from a year‐round intensive study within a water treatment catchment draining an area of peatland, considering carbon transformations along a continuum from headwater river, through a storage reservoir and pipe, to a water treatment works. The study uses a unique combination of methods (colourmetric, ultrafiltration, and ¹⁴C radiocarbon dating) to assess catchment wide changes in fluvial carbon composition (colour, size, and age) alongside concentration measures. The results indicate clear patterns of carbon transformations in the river and reservoir and dissolved low molecular weight coloured carbon to be most subject to change, with both loss and replacement within the catchment residence time. Although the evidence suggests dissolved OC (DOC) gains are from particulate OC breakdown, the mechanisms of DOC loss are less certain and may represent greenhouse gas losses or conversions to particulate OC. The transformations presented here appear to have minimal impact on the amount of harder to treat (<10 kDa) dissolved carbon, although they do have implications for total DOC loading to water treatment works. This paper shows that peatland fluvial systems are not passive receptors of particulate and dissolved organic carbon but locations where carbon is actively cycled, with implications for the understanding of carbon cycling and water treatment in peatland catchments.     

Temporal variation and fluxes of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the Apure,Caura and Orinoco rivers,Venezuela

The concentrations of total suspended sediments (TSS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were measured in water samples taken monthly in the Apure, Caura and Orinoco rivers during a hydrological cycle (between Sept. 2007 and Aug. 2008). The DOC concentration values ranged between 1.5 and 6.8 mgC l⁻¹ in the Apure River; 2.07 and 4.9 mgC l⁻¹ in the Caura River and 1.66 and 5.35 mgC l⁻¹ in the Orinoco River. The mean concentration of DOC was 3.9 mgC l⁻¹ in the Apure River, 3.24 mgC l⁻¹ in the Caura River and 2.92 mgC l⁻¹ in the Orinoco River at Puerto Ordaz. The three rivers showed a similar temporal pattern in the concentrations of DOC, with higher DOC values during the increasing branch of the hydrograph due to wash-out processes of the organic material stored in soils. The mean concentration values of POC were 1.33 mgC l⁻¹; 0.77 mgC l⁻¹ and 0.91 mgC l⁻¹ in the Apure, Caura and Orinoco rivers, respectively. The inverse relationship found between the percentage in weight of the POC and the concentrations of TSS in the three rivers fits a logarithmic model, as it has been previously reported for other worldwide rivers. The POC concentrations in the Orinoco River showed a positive relationship with the TSS, suggesting that the POC in the Orinoco is the result of terrestrially organic matter. Although the fluxes of organic carbon (OC) in the three studied rivers are dependent on the values of water discharge, the fluxes of DOC during the increasing branch of the hydrograph are higher than those found during the decreasing stage, due to the yield of organic material accumulated in soils during the preceding dry season. The mean annual flux of total organic carbon (TOC) of the Orinoco River at Puerto Ordaz was about 4.27 × 10⁶ TonC yr⁻¹. Of this, 3.28 × 10⁶ TonC yr⁻¹ (77%) represents the flux of DOC and about 0.99 TonC yr⁻¹ (23%) represents the flux of POC. The mean annual input of TOC from the Apure River to the Orinoco River was about 4.92 × 10⁵ TonC yr⁻¹ (11.5%), while the contribution of TOC from the Caura River to the Orinoco River was estimated at 3.05 × 10⁵ TonC yr⁻¹ (7.1%).The values of annual transport of TOC calculated for the Apure, Caura and Orinoco rivers were lower than those reported twenty years ago. This could be related to interannual variations of precipitation in the Orinoco Basin, due to runoff variations can have a strong effect on the fluxes of OC from land to rivers.     

北京乡村地区分粒径气溶胶OC及EC分析

利用北京上甸子区域大气本底站2004年观测的分粒径大气气溶胶资料,分析了气溶胶中有机碳 (OC) 及元素碳 (EC) 的质量浓度水平、季节变化、尺度分布特征、OC与EC比值及其相关性。结果显示:上甸子站总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP) 中OC平均质量浓度为7.5~31.5 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度为1.4~6.6 μg·m-3;PM_2.1(粒径小于2.1 μm) 中OC质量浓度为4.0~19.1 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度大约为0.8~4.3 μg·m-3。冬季OC及EC质量浓度明显高于其他季节,其中冬、夏、秋季OC及EC峰值粒径出现为0.65~2.1 μm,但在春季峰值粒径移至2.1~4.7 μm。观测期间,OC与EC质量浓度比值平均为4~6,该比值略高于文献报道的我国一些城市地区的观测结果。     

保定市大气颗粒物中含碳组分粒径分布

北京-天津-河北地区工业城市保定大气颗粒物(Particulate matter,PM)污染严重,保定大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子和超细粒子污染严重,其中含碳组分具有重大贡献,PM1.1、PM2.1和PM2.1-9.0中含碳气溶胶总量(total carbonaceous aerosols,TCA)分别占到(49±20)%、(45±19)%和(19±7)%。PM9.0中的含碳气溶胶主要富集在PM2.1乃至PM1.1中。颗粒物浓度谱分布及含碳气溶胶富集量呈显著季节变化,由于采暖过程秋冬季各粒径段有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)的浓度均增加,秋、冬季节细颗粒物中OC浓度可高达44.0±38.3、78.5±30.2μg m-3,EC浓度分别为3.5±1.6、8.5±6.8μg m-3。各个季节OC和EC在总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate,TSP)中的几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)均集中在较小粒径段。粗颗粒物中OC的GMD在春夏季较高,秋季减少,而冬季最低。而粗颗粒物中EC的GMD则是冬季最高,夏季最低。保定0.4μm的颗粒物中OC/EC比值4个季节的水平较为稳定,春、夏、秋、冬季OC/EC比值分别为5.2、3.5、4.1和5.4,来源主要为交通和燃煤。其余几个粒径段的颗粒物的来源更为复杂,其来源主要为燃煤、木材和生物质。     

湖泊沉积物中S、C及其比值的环境意义

本文以浅淡水湖固城湖和微咸水湖岱海为例,研究沉积物中有面碳,总硫和其比值（OC／TS）的垂向分布规律及其沉积环境（沉积时期的气候冷暖及干湿变化等）,古盐度及环境污染等方面的意义,固城湖沉积物的氧化还原交界面（5cm深处）上硫高碳低,OC／TS突然变小,岱海在高水位年代OC／TS增高,低水位年则降低,分别属于冷湿和冷干气候条件下的沉积特征,论证了OC／TS指标从海洋沉积研究移植到湖泊沉积研究的可用性及其应用前景。