Effects of topography on lofting gravity flows: Implications for the deposition of deep-water massive sands

Hyperpycnal flows are generated in the marine environment by sediment-laden fresh water discharge into the ocean. They frequently form at river mouths and are also generated in proximal ice-melting settings and are thought to be responsible for transporting a large proportion of suspended river sediment onto and off the continental shelf. Hyperpycnal flows are an example of gravity currents that display reversing buoyancy. This phenomenon is generated by the fresh water interstitial fluid being less dense than that of the ambient seawater. Thus after sufficient particles are sedimented the flow can become positively buoyant and loft, forming a rising plume. Here we present results from physical scale-modelling experiments of lofting gravity currents upon interaction with topography. Topography, in the form of a vertical obstacle, triggered a localised lofting zone on its upstream side. This lofting zone was maintained in a fixed position until the bulk density of the flow had reduced enough to allow lofting along its entire length. The obstructed lofting zone is associated with a sharp increase in deposit thickness. By inference these experimentally established lofting dynamics are applied to improve understanding of the potential for hyperpycnal flows to deposit deep-water massive sands. This study provides a depositional mechanism by which large volumes of sand can be deposited in the absence of traction and the fines removed, leaving thick deposits of structureless sand with a low percentage of mud. This conceptual model for the first time provides a framework by which the geometries of certain deep-water massive sands may be predicted within specific depositional and basinal settings. This is crucial to our understanding of massive sand deposits in modern and ancient turbiditic systems and in the commercial evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of such sedimentary successions.     

线——线符号相关处理的交让运算

本文阐述了地图编绘过程中线状符号相关时,符号的交让原理以及采用计算机实现自动编绘线状符号的交让算法,并给出若干例图。     

Reversing buoyancy in turbidity currents: developing a hypothesis for flow transformation and for deposit facies and architecture

A turbidity current that contains fresher or otherwise less dense water than its surroundings may initially be denser than the ambient and propagate as a bottom-hugging flow, but later reverse in buoyancy as its bulk density decreases through sedimentation to become lower than that of the ambient seawater. It is proposed that this reversal in buoyancy may be a significant mechanism controlling the structure and facies of turbiditic deposits. Buoyancy reversal followed by lofting may directly affect the relative distribution of fine and coarse material in the deposit, while buoyancy reversal itself may mediate the transformation between dilute and highly-concentrated suspension flows, particularly in distal regions, and thus lead to the formation of complex turbiditic beds: in particular, the generation of distal co-genetic debrites may be expected. Similar transformations occur within dilute pyroclastic density currents, where a mobile, basal concentrated flow, termed a surge-derived pyroclastic flow, develops through rapid sedimentation from the suspended load of the overlying surge. The physical mechanisms involved in these processes are discussed, leading to the proposal of some associated facies models; these are compared with field data from the Northern Apennines, with some striking similarities being noted as well as some differences. On the basis of this discussion, some directions are suggested for future experimental and modelling work on the topic.     

激光指向仪在井下测量中的应用及误差分析

激光指向仪具有价格低廉、安装调试简单、发射可见光、使用方便等特点,可以快速准确地标定巷道中线、腰线位置,从而有效地控制巷道的超欠挖。在巷道内合理使用激光指向仪,能大大地提高巷道施工质量和速度。