有风浪太湖水体的光照传输模式

根据辐射传输方程的近似解方法和光照传输的累加原理,建立了包括水面风浪效应、水中悬浮粒多次散射和底泥反射的垂直分层水体的光照传输数值模式。利用该模式和太湖悬浮粒实测资料,计算和讨论了太湖水体中光照随水深的变化以及悬浮粒浓度、风浪和太阳高度的影响。结果表明,悬浮粒的多次散射所形成的漫射光是湖水中光照不可忽视的重要部分。在水体的下层,漫射光甚至是光照的主要构成部分。风浪对水中光照的影响则主要在天顶角大于70°时才明显地表现出来,此时风浪水体对太阳直接辐射和全辐射的反射率比平静水面都有明显的减小。     

Combined Analysis of Solar Neutrino and Solar Irradiance Data: Further Evidence for Variability of the Solar Neutrino Flux and Its Implications Concerning the Solar Core

A search for any particular feature in any single solar neutrino dataset is unlikely to establish variability of the solar neutrino flux since the count rates are very low. It helps to combine datasets, and in this article we examine data from both the Homestake and GALLEX experiments. These show evidence of modulation with a frequency of 11.85 year⁻¹, which could be indicative of rotational modulation originating in the solar core. We find that precisely the same frequency is prominent in power spectrum analyses of the ACRIM irradiance data for both the Homestake and GALLEX time intervals. These results suggest that the solar core is inhomogeneous and rotates with a sidereal frequency of 12.85 year⁻¹. From Monte Carlo calculations, it is found that the probability that the neutrino data would by chance match the irradiance data in this way is only 2 parts in 10 000. This rotation rate is significantly lower than that of the inner radiative zone (13.97 year⁻¹) as recently inferred from analysis of Super-Kamiokande data, suggesting that there may be a second, inner tachocline separating the core from the radiative zone. This opens up the possibility that there may be an inner dynamo that could produce a strong internal magnetic field and a second solar cycle.     

A comparative analysis of DEM‐based models to estimate the solar radiation in mountainous terrain

Daily solar radiation estimates of four up‐to‐date solar radiation models (Solar Analyst, r.sun, SRAD and Solei‐32), based on a digital elevation model (DEM), have been evaluated and compared in a Mediterranean environment characterized by a complex topography. The models' estimates were evaluated against 40 days of radiometric data collected in 14 stations. Analyzed sky conditions ranged from completely overcast conditions to clear skies. Additionally, the role of the spatial resolution of the DEM has been evaluated through the use of two different resolutions: 20 and 100 m. Results showed that, under clear‐sky conditions, the daily solar radiation variability in the study area may be reasonably estimated with mean bias errors under 10% and root mean square error values of around 15%. On the other hand, results proved that the reliability of the estimates substantially decreases under overcast conditions for some of the solar radiation models. Regarding the role of the DEM spatial resolution, results suggested that the reliability of the estimates for complex topography areas under clear‐sky conditions improves using a higher spatial resolution.     

Water relations and hydraulic architecture of two Patagonian steppe shrubs: Effect of slope orientation and microclimate

On a local scale, topography influences microclimate, vegetation structure and the morpho-physiological attributes of plants. We studied the effects of microclimatic differences between NE- and SW-facing slopes on the water relations and hydraulic properties of two dominant shrubs of the Patagonian steppe in Argentina (Retanilla patagonica and Colliguaja integerrima). The NE-facing slope had higher irradiance and air saturation deficits and lower soil water availability and wind speed than the SW-facing slope. Predawn and midday Ψ_L and osmotic potentials were significantly lower in shrubs on the NE-facing slope. Osmotic adjustment and more elastic cell walls helped the plants to cope with a more xeric environment on NE-facing slope. Higher water deficits on NE-facing slope were partially compensated by a higher leaf and stem water storage. While stem hydraulic efficiency did not vary between slopes, leaf hydraulic conductance was between 40% and 300% higher on the NE-facing slope. Changes observed in leaf size and in SLA were consistent with responses to mechanical forces of wind (smaller and scleromorphic leaves on SW-facing slope). Morpho-physiological adjustments observed at a short spatial scale allow maintenance of midday Ψ_L above the turgor loss point and demonstrate that leaves are more responsive to microclimatic selective pressures than stems.     

Properties of flux tubes and the relation with solar irradiance variability

At the solar surface the magnetic field is bundled into discrete elements of concentrated flux, often referred to as magnetic flux tubes, which cover only a small fraction of the solar surface. Flux tubes span a whole spectrum of sizes, ranging from sunspots to features well below the best currently obtainable spatial resolution. Whereas sunspots have been well studied, our knowledge of the true brightness of small-scale magnetic features is hampered by the insufficient spatial resolution of the observations. A better understanding of the thermal and magnetic properties of these small-scale features, however, is crucial for an understanding of (climate-relevant) long-term solar irradiance variations.     

Solar Magnetic Activity and Total Irradiance Since the Maunder Minimum

We develop a model for estimating solar total irradiance since 1600 AD using the sunspot number record as input, since this is the only intrinsic record of solar activity extending back far enough in time. Sunspot number is strongly correlated, albeit nonlinearly with the 10.7-cm radio flux (F _10.7), which forms a continuous record back to 1947. This enables the nonlinear relationship to be estimated with usable accuracy and shows that relationship to be consistent over multiple solar activity cycles. From the sunspot number record we estimate F _10.7 values back to 1600 AD. F _10.7 is linearly correlated with the total amount of magnetic flux in active regions, and we use it as input to a simple cascade model for the other magnetic flux components. The irradiance record is estimated by using these magnetic flux components plus a very rudimentary model for the modulation of energy flow to the photosphere by the subphotospheric magnetic flux reservoir feeding the photospheric magnetic structures. Including a Monte Carlo analysis of the consequences of measurement and fitting errors, the model indicates the mean irradiance during the Maunder Minimum was about 1 ± 0.4 W m⁻² lower than the mean irradiance over the last solar activity cycle.     

CaII K imaging to understand UV irradiance variability

To identify and understand the underlying physical mechanisms of total solar and UV irradiance variability and to estimate the contribution of various chromospheric features to UV irradiance, detailed analysis of spatially resolved data is required. The various chromospheric features have been segregated and different parameters have been derived from CaII K Spectroheliograms of NSO/Sac Peak and Kodaikanal Observatory and compared with UV irradiance flux measured in MgII h and k lines by NOAA 9 satellite. The important results of this detailed analysis of CaII K Images of 1992 together with UV irradiance data will be discussed in this paper.     

太阳总辐照度的监测与重建研究进展

太阳总辐照度(TSI)变化是影响地球气候变化的重要因素,对TSI 的监测与重建是研究太阳活动驱动全球气候变化机制的重要基础。本文回顾了地基平台和卫星平台的TSI 监测历程及其取得的主要研究成果,分析了利用宇宙成因核素和地外天体信息重建TSI 的研究进展及所存在的问题,并对该领域未来的发展方向进行展望。现有的地基平台和卫星平台TSI 监测资料表明,太阳活动周期中TSI 的变化幅度很小,不足以引起各种记录中所观测到的气候变化。但太阳物理领域迄今尚未完全解译TSI 变化的物理过程,加之TSI 监测资料所限,难以判定其过去或未来的变幅,需整合现有3 种主要的数据合成方法,并继续坚持TSI 长期监测。此外,还需利用宇宙成因核素、地外天体信息反演等新方法重建过去太阳活动所造成的TSI 变化,以获得长周期TSI变化序列。     

太阳天顶角对太湖恰在水面下辐照度比影响的定量分析

恰在水面下辐照度比变化与吸收系数、散射系数和太阳天顶角存在着密切的关系,而太阳天顶角对太湖恰在水面下辐照度比的定量影响程度尚不明确.为此,本文基于2010年5月太湖27个样点的水体光学参数和理论数值模拟,对太湖水体的情况进行研究.理论数值模拟结果表明:当太阳天顶角分别在0°～25°和70°～89°区间内变化时,对恰在水面下辐照度比增幅影响较小,增幅相差不到10%;而当太阳天顶角在30°～70°之间时,对辐照度比增幅影响很大,增幅为13.13%～52.19%.同时,利用实测数据对理论结果进行线性相关验证表明,此数值研究整体上符合太湖的实际情况.因此,对水体光学特性以及光对水生生态系统驱动作用研究的时候,应充分考虑太阳天顶角的影响.     

基于反射率的太湖典型湖区溶解性有机碳的反演

2004年4月基于野外水下辐照度的测定及实验室溶解性有机碳(DOC)的分析,通过研究典型湖区水体中DOC浓度与反射率之间的关系,选择DOC浓度反演的最佳波段,建立了DOC浓度的遥感定量反演模型。结果表明,DOC浓度在6.60～17.17 mg/L（均值为9.99 mg/L,方差为2.48 mg/L）之间;反射率的峰值出现在560～590 nm;红光波段与绿光波段反射率的对数值能较好的估计DOC浓度,其中又以lg(R670/R530)与lg(DOC)相关程度最高,决定系数为0.82;DOC浓度反演的经验模型为：lg(DOC)=0.654(±0.012)lg\[R(670)/R(530)\]+1.007(±0.086)。对模型进行检验,最小误差为6.7%、最大误差为20.3%,平均误差为12.3%。