Composition and Useful Properties of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts

Marine manganese nodules and crusts, when processed, yield tailings which may be utilized for environmental and economic benefit. The key to the reasonable and effective utilization of these tailings lies in making a systematic appraisal of their composition and properties. This article gives an introduction to the investigation of manganese tailings properties. The tailings have a high iron and/or manganese content, high surface area, high porosity, and fine grain size. Some tailings have a high rare earth element content which is valuable. They may also have high SO₃, arsenic, and uranium contents which are harmful. Depending on the process used to produce the tailings, there will likely be some differences in chemical composition, mineral assemblages, surface area and adsorption capability, pore diameter and volume, density and pH. In assigning potentially beneficial applications for these tailings, these differences should be taken into account to optimize utilization.     

A new concept of pedogenic nodule formation in landscapes of the Russian Far East

The typification of ferromanganese nodules (FMN) formed in subaqueous and subaerial settings and in residual materials, as well as FMN localization in various sediments and soils, is discussed. The genetic diversity of morphologically similar FMN and the transformation of FMN-bearing complexes with changes in landscapes have been established.     

Screening Effect of the Diffusive Boundary Layer in Sediments of Lake Aha in the Suburbs of Guiyang City,Guizhou Province

The redox cycle of iron and manganese is a major geochemica process at the boundary layers of lake sediments.Lake Aha,which lies in the suburbs of Guiyang City,Guizhou Province,China,is a medium-sized artificial reservoir with seasonally anoxic hypolimnion,Long-term sedimentary accumulation of iron and manganese resulted in their enrichment in the upper sediments,In the anoxic season,Fe^2 and Mn^2 ,formed by diological oxidation,would diffuse up to overlying waters from sediments.However,the concentration of oxidation,would diffuse up to overlying waters from sediments,However,the concentration of Fe^2 increased later and decreased earlier than that of Mn^2 .Generally,sulfate reduction occurred at 6 cm below the sediment-water interface.Whereas,in the anoxic season.the reduction reached upper sediments,inhibiting the release of Fe^2 ,The Fe concentration of anoxic water is quickly decreased from high to low as a result of reduction of the suplhur system.     

南海边缘海多金属结核与大洋多金属结核对比

本文通过系统对比分析前人研究成果,研究了南海边缘海多金属结核的成矿特征,结果表明：南海边缘海结核的矿物组成与大洋结核相似,均主要由锰相矿物和铁相矿物组成,其中锰相矿物主要为水羟锰矿和钡镁锰矿,铁相矿物主要以无定型铁氧化/氢氧化物形式存在,另外南海边缘海结核中含有大量硅酸盐矿物,表明在南海结核成矿过程中受到大量的陆源碎屑矿物混杂;相对于大洋主要经济成矿区的多金属结核,南海边缘海多金属结核中主要的经济元素如Mn、Cu、Co、Ni和Zn质量分数较低,而亲陆源性元素如Fe、Ti、P、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sc、Ta、Sr、Th和REY（REE和Y）等质量分数较高;南海边缘海多金属结核的元素地球化学特征和REE配分模式显示其为水成成因,并呈现更低的Mn/Fe值;同时南海边缘海结核也具有较快的平均生长速率及较高的δCe正异常,表明其生长在更为氧化的海水环境。虽然较快的沉积物沉积速率和动荡的海水环境影响了南海边缘海结核的成矿,但大量陆源物质进入海洋也为南海边缘海结核提供了丰富的成矿物质来源,便于南海边缘海结核的快速生长成矿。南海边缘海结核富集有Fe、Ti、Pb、Rb、Th和REY等金属元素,同样可以作为极具潜力的海洋矿产资源。南海边缘海多金属结核具有其独特的地球化学特征,与大洋多金属结核存在着明显差异。     

基于低剂量胸部CT原始数据迭代重建增强等级评价不同类型肺小结节的初步分析

目的：探讨低剂量胸部CT（LDCT）原始数据迭代重建（SAFIRE）增强等级与不同类型（实性、部分实性及纯磨玻璃）肺小结节优化显示的对应关系。材料与方法：分析2020年9月至2021年1月行LDCT并符合肺小结节入组标准受试者101例105个肺小结节,依结节性质分为实性结节组（n=27）,部分实性结节组（n=37）和纯磨玻璃结节组（n=41）。采用单因素方差分析、卡方检验或Kruskal-Wallis H检验先分析组间一般资料,再以滤波反投影算法（FBP,B50f）为参照,比较SAFIRE I50f和I70f（分别1~5级）各模式下客观图像质量（噪声值、肺小结节CT值、SNR和CNR）和主观图像质量评分。结果：①三组在性别、身体质量指数和结节分布无显著差异,纯磨玻璃结节组年龄和结节长径均小于实性和部分实性结节组;② SAFIRE I50f 1~5和I70f-5图像噪声值均低于FBP B50f,其中SAFIRE I50f-5噪声值最低,不同模式下肺小结节CT值无显著差异,SAFIRE I50f-5肺小结节SNR和CNR均高于FBP B50f和其他SAFIRE模式;③ SAFIRE I50f 3~5实性和部分实性肺小结节图像质量主观评分高于FBP B50f和除I70f-5外SAFIRE其他模式,SAFIRE I50f-4纯磨玻璃肺小结节图像质量主观评分高于FBP B50f和除I50f-3、I50f-5外SAFIRE其他模式且组间评分无显著差异。结论：SAFIRE I50f-4在LDCT实性、部分实性和纯磨玻璃肺小结节图像质量客观、主观评价方面均表现良好且均衡,可适用于各类型肺小结节LDCT评价。     

Regional Variability in Occurrence and Distribution of Polymetallic Nodules in the Central Indian Basin

Regional scale morphological studies on different-sized polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin show that only 2–5 cm sized nodules have highest occurrence per station (92–94% along latitudes; 88–94% along longitudes). A nodule size shows an inverse relationship with the nodule distribution, grade, and abundance. Interestingly, only 3–4 and 4–5 cm sized nodules have highest grade, abundance, and distribution percentages along longitudes in P₁, first generation mine site and relinquished area, which further implies that the nodule mining along the longitude would be beneficial. Different-sized nodule groups suggest their formation under variable environmental conditions that existed in the Central Indian Basin. The coexistence of different-sized nodules suggests different environmental conditions existed in the Central Indian Basin.     

雅浦海沟南缘铁锰结核矿物与地球化学特征及其成因研究

本文采用X射线衍射、全岩地球化学和电子探针等测试方法,对雅浦海沟南部附近海域获得的铁锰结核样品进行了显微构造、矿物和地球化学分析,并探讨了其成因。结果表明:铁锰结核的显微构造主要包括平行纹层构造、柱状构造、叠层状构造和同心环状构造;显微构造和探针结果显示铁锰结核在生长初期处于底部海洋动力比较强烈的环境,后期生长环境逐渐趋于稳定;铁锰结核的矿物组分以水羟锰矿、钠水锰矿、石英和钙十字石为主;样品中Fe、Mn元素含量较高且含量比较接近,Cu、Co、Ni和REE相对富集,REE分布模式整体比较平缓并都出现较强的Ce正异常和重稀土元素亏损现象;文中两块铁锰结核都为水成成因,成矿物质主要来自同期的海水沉淀,同时也受一定海底火山物质和陆源风尘物质的影响。     

成矿组分沉积同生富集的一种新机制:动态海水团的混合过程

海洋可以被分成若干特征各异的、运动着的海水团，各种海洋现象就源于海水团的运动和相互作用。分隔不同海水团的前锋面上的混合作用是促使成矿组分发生沉淀富集的地球化学障。在海水团前锋混合带上，成矿组分在沉积物中产生同生富集，结果生成沉积矿床或矿源层。这是一种在时间上广泛发生但又尚未被人们所认识的崭新机制。     

大洋多金属结核资源评价的基本理论与方法

根据大量工作实践和研究,系统扼要地介绍了大洋多金属结核资源评价的基本概念、理论基础、评价方法及国内外概况;论述了多元统计分析 (聚类分析、因子分析、趋势面分析 )、地质统计学 (克立格法 )、神经元网络分析进行多金属结核资源评价的方法原理;以及实现矿区边界指标-资源量-面积动态分析的《大洋多金属结核资源动态评价系统》软件开发简介.     

News from the seabed – Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources

Marine minerals such as manganese nodules, Co-rich ferromanganese crusts, and seafloor massive sulfides are commonly seen as possible future resources that could potentially add to the global raw materials supply. At present, a proper assessment of these resources is not possible due to a severe lack of information regarding their size, distribution, and composition. It is clear, however, that manganese nodules and Co-rich ferromanganese crusts are a vast resource and mining them could have a profound impact on global metal markets, whereas the global resource potential of seafloor massive sulfides appears to be small. These deep-sea mineral commodities are formed by very different geological processes resulting in deposits with distinctly different characteristics. The geological boundary conditions also determine the size of any future mining operations and the area that will be affected by mining. Similarly, the sizes of the most favorable areas that need to be explored for a global resource assessment are also dependent on the geological environment. Size reaches 38 million km² for manganese nodules, while those for Co-rich crusts (1.7 million km²) and massive sulfides (3.2 million km²) are much smaller. Moreover, different commodities are more abundant in some jurisdictions than in others. While only 19% of the favorable area for manganese nodules lies within the Exclusive Economic Zone of coastal states or is covered by proposals for the extension of the continental shelf, 42% of the favorable areas for massive sulfides and 54% for Co-rich crusts are located in EEZs.