Assessment of rainfall spatial variability and its influence on runoff modelling: A case study in the Brue catchment,UK

This study explores rainfall spatial variability and its influence on runoff modelling. A novel assessment scheme integrated with coefficient of variance and Moran's I is introduced to describe effective rainfall spatial variability. Coefficient of variance is widely accepted to identify rainfall variability through rainfall intensity, whereas Moran's I reflects rainfall spatial autocorrelation. This new assessment framework combines these two indicators to assess the spatial variability derived from both rainfall intensity and distribution, which are crucial in determining the time and magnitude of runoff generation. Four model structures embedded in the Variable Infiltration Capacity model are adopted for hydrological modelling in the Brue catchment of England. The models are assigned with 1, 3, 8, and 27 hydrological response units, respectively, and diverse rainfall spatial information for 236 events are extracted from 1995. This study investigates the model performance of different partitioning based on rainfall spatial variability through peak volume (Q_p) and time to peak (T_p), along with the rainfall event process. The results show that models associated with dense spatial partitioning are broadly capable of capturing more spatial information with better performance. It is unnecessary to utilize models with high spatial density for simple rainfall events, though they show distinct advantages on complex events. With additional spatial information, Q_p experiences a notable improvement over T_p. Moreover, seasonal patterns signified by the assessment scheme imply the feasibility of seasonal models.     

Tsallis熵和改进CV模型的海面溢油SAR图像分割

为了解决海洋表面溢油监测中合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像分割精度不高的难题,提出一种基于Tsallis熵多阈值分割与改进CV(ChanVese)模型相结合的海面溢油图像分割方法。首先采用基于Tsallis熵的多阈值选取算法对海面溢油图像进行粗分割;然后分别将得到的溢油区域和溢油粗略轮廓作为CV模型的局部区域和初始轮廓,以降低CV模型的场景复杂度及其对初始条件的敏感性。CV模型仅考虑了图像各区域的均值信息而没有考虑图像的局部信息,尽管能够得到渐进型边界图像,但其分割结果存在误差。本文采用了加入移动因子的改进CV模型降低分割误差,提高收敛速度。实验结果表明,提出的海面溢油SAR图像分割方法具有分割边界定位准确、运行高效和无需设置初始条件等优点。     

一种基于Cross-Validation的盲图像恢复方法

图像盲复原所面临的主要问题是可利用的信息不足，目前已有的图像盲复原算法一般都是有先验知识，如非负和有限支持域的限制。但在实际中目标的支持域是未知的。文中介绍了CV(cross-validation)的基本原理，给出了一种基于CV原理的支持域确定方法的详细步骤；并针对计算大的问题提出了一定的改进。最后给出了实验结果，证明CV确定支持域的方法对于图像盲复原是有一定价值的。     

用于JATC的GPS CV时间比对中的数据处理

GPS CV(共视)时间传递技术将在重建的我国的综合原子时(JATC)系统中起重要作用。介绍了GPSCV时间比对中共视数据的选取和消除观测数据中的随机噪声的方法，对GPS共视时间比对中的电离层时延改正和几何时延改正方法作了阐述，给出了对NTSC(中国科学院国家授时中心)与CRL(日本通信研究所，现已更名为国家信息和通信技术研究院(NICT))两个时间实验室之间的共视比对数据的计算结果。     

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

泰森多边形和狄洛尼三角网的林木空间格局分析

Voronoi图依据地物之间邻近关系对空间进行剖分,Delaunay三角网是Voronoi图的对偶图.文章以单株木为平面点构建Voronoi图和Delaunay三角网,Voronoi图多边形面积表示林木影响范围,Delaunay三角网中每个三角形边长表示对应林木之间距离.在岳阳平江福寿林场设置12块标准地进行试验,计算基于Voronoi图的角尺度、传统的角尺度、基于Delaunay三角网的集聚指数和Voronoi图多边形面积的变异系数,结果表明:这4个指数均能反映样地林木之间的空间分布,变异系数对空间均匀分布和聚集分布有较好的区分度.     

Siderophile elements in chondrules of CV chondrites

New bulk compositional data for 34 Allende chondrules are presented. Whole chondrules were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The new data set is evaluated together with older INAA data on Allende chondrules and recent INAA data on Mokoia chondrules. The Ni/Co ratios of 200 chondrules are close to the CI- or solar ratio. The chondritic Ni/Co ratios require an unfractionated chondritic metal source and set a limit to the fraction of metal lost from molten chondrules. The bulk chondrule Fe/Ni and Fe/Co ratios are more variable but on average chondritic. Iridium and other refractory metals have extremely variable concentrations in chondrules. High Ir chondrules have chondritic Ir/Sc ratios. They are dominated by CAI (Ca,Al-rich inclusion) components. Low Ir chondrules have approximately chondritic Ir/Ni ratios reflecting mixing with chondritic metal. In low Ir chondrules Ir correlates and in high Ir chondrules Ir does not correlate with Ni or Co. A large fraction of Ir may have entered chondrules in variable amounts as tiny grains of refractory metal alloys.Most Allende chondrules have Ir/Sc ratios below bulk meteorite ratios. Matrix must have a complementary high Ir/Sc ratio, as bulk Allende has approximately chondritic Ir/Sc ratio. Similarly, the high average Ir/Ni ratios of Allende chondrules must be balanced by low Ir/Ni ratios in matrix to obtain the bulk Allende Ir/Ni ratio, which is close to the average solar system ratio.More recent data on single chondrules from Allende by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Optical Emission Spectrometry) show the same trends as the INAA data discussed here.     

部分格罗夫山陨石的类型划分及其矿物岩石学特征

对99块南极格罗夫山陨石的研究表明这些陨石分别属于普通球粒陨石H群、L群、LL群,橄辉无球粒陨石和碳质球粒陨石。其中普通球粒陨石H3为1块,H4为23块,H5为9块,H6为8块,L4为2块,L5为21块,L6为31块,LL4和LL6分别为一块。GRV 022888为橄榄石-易变辉石无球粒陨石,GRV 023159是一块CV3碳质球粒陨石。这些陨石的冲击程度普遍较高,冲击程度为S4的普通球粒陨石有15块,GRV 023138中出现了冲击熔融现象,该陨石的冲击程度为S5,这些样品为研究小行星早期的冲击作用提供了很好的素材。此外,这些陨石的风化程度普遍较低,风化程度为W1的陨石为75块,未见风化程度高于W4的陨石。     

基于 ALOS 影像与 CV 模型的瞬时海岸线提取

利用ALOS多光谱影像及CV模型对山东沿海三种不同类型海岸、人工海岸、砂质海岸、淤泥质海岸进行海岸线提取,为比较不同特征影像对海岸线提取效果的影响,对同一类型海岸又分为近红外影像、421彩色合成影像、NDWI影像、PCA影像并分别进行海岸线提取,最后利用缓冲区分析进行精度比较。分析得出：对于人工海岸、砂质海岸两种海岸,在一个像元缓冲区内,提取精度基本可以达到80％以上,两个像元内可达到95％以上;对于淤泥质海岸,四种特征影像的提取效果均比较差,只有NDWI影像在两个缓冲区内可达到87％;总体来说, ND-WI影像提取的效果最好。     

等价权函数为连续可变函数的抗差Kalman滤波

设计了一种等价权函数为连续可变函数的抗差Kalman滤波,通过与现有常用抗差Kalman滤波方案比较,新设计的抗差权方案具有更优的抗差效果。