我国水华蓝藻的新类群——阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrix agardhii)生理特性

阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrix agardhii)是水华蓝藻的重要类群,实验对我国不同省份分离到的5株阿氏浮丝藻生长速率、色素组成、光合活性参数进行了测定.结果表明分离于广州的HABll28叶绿素a(Chla)含量较低,藻蓝蛋白(c-Pc)比例和含量较高.电子传递速率(ETR)测定结果表明,HABIl28的ETR曲线较高,最大ETRme值也显著高于其余4株,高效的光能电子传递链弥补了光合色素Chla的不足,以致HABIl28保持了中性的生长速率.分离于武汉东湖的HAB631则与之正好相反,较高的ChLa受限于光能电子传递链的薄弱,生长速率表现较低.分离于北京、上海、昆明的3株藻株在各项生理指标上无显著差异.     

我国近海赤潮灾害发生特征、机理及防治对策研究

近海赤潮灾害的频繁暴发严重破坏海洋生态平衡和海洋环境.根据2000～2009年的统计数据,从赤潮灾害发生时间、地域分布、赤潮生物优势种和规模变化4个方面分析了我国近海赤潮灾害的发生特征,同时探究了赤潮生物、营养物质(氮、磷、铁、锰、维生素、特殊有机物等)和外部环境(气象条件、水动力条件、海水理化因子等)引发赤潮灾害的机...     

温度、投饵频次对海月水母(Aurelia sp.1) 水螅体生长和繁殖的影响

水母暴发是一个全球广泛关注的生态问题,水螅体阶段的环境影响是研究水母暴发的重要切入点。本实验从温度(10,15,20,25℃)和投饵频次(无投喂,每周投喂,每天投喂)两个角度进行研究。结果表明,温度对横裂过程、碟状体产生过程影响显著,饵料对水螅体数量影响显著。水螅体从20℃降温至10℃和15℃可发生横裂产生碟状体,适宜横裂的温度范围内,相对高温和充足饵料有利于释放更多碟状体;适宜横裂的温度范围外,相对高温和充足饵料有利于水螅体数量的增加。适宜横裂的温度范围持续时间达到水螅体的响应时间阈值,才能够完成从底栖阶段的水螅体到浮游阶段水母体的转化。     

围隔生态系内富营养引起赤潮的初步研究

1990年5月12日—7月底,在厦门国家海洋局第三海洋研究所的陆基水池中,进行了一次对厦门西海域水体富营养而引发赤潮的围隔实验。实验结果表明,在厦门西海域已经处于中营养水平的水质条件下,只要光照充足,水体相对稳定,如果再连续不断地供给充足的营养盐,就可能引起浮游植物的水华或赤潮;可溶性活性磷的含量不仅仅影响厦门西海域正常年份的浮游植物春季水华,对赤潮的兴衰也起控制作用。     

有害赤潮藻赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo研究进展

浮游植物不仅在食物链中充当贡献者,也在生物地球化学循环过程中扮演着重要角色,然而一些种类在某些条件下暴发性增殖或聚集,形成有害藻华,对人类健康和生态系统构成威胁。赤潮异弯藻是形成有害藻华的典型物种,其藻华发生时会造成养殖鱼类大面积死亡,给水产养殖业造成巨大损失。近年来,随着全球气候变暖、水体富营养化程度日趋严重,有害藻华发生的规模和频次总体呈增加趋势,且相关研究表明气候变暖和二氧化碳水平升高均能刺激赤潮异弯藻的生长。本文主要从赤潮异弯藻物种鉴定、基础生物学研究、生态学研究等几个方面综述了该物种的研究进展,并对其未来研究方向进行了相关展望,以期为赤潮异弯藻的藻华形成机制研究、藻华防治等工作提供参考。     

Jellyfish blooms in China: Dominant species, causes and consequences

Three jellyfish species, Aurelia aurita, Cyanea nozakii and Nemopilema nomurai, form large blooms in Chinese seas. We report on the distribution and increasing incidence of jellyfish blooms and their consequences in Chinese coastal seas and analyze their relationship to anthropogenically derived changes to the environment in order to determine the possible causes. A. aurita, C. nozakii and N. nomurai form blooms in the temperate Chinese seas including the northern East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. N. nomurai forms offshore blooms while the other two species bloom mainly in inshore areas. Eutrophication, overfishing, habitat modification for aquaculture and climate change are all possible contributory factors facilitating plausible mechanisms for the proliferation of jellyfish blooms. In the absence of improvement in coastal marine ecosystem health, jellyfish blooms could be sustained and may even spread from the locations in which they now occur.     

Competition Among Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tam—arense, Raphidophyte Heterosigma Carterae and Diatom Skeletonema Costatum under Combinations ofTwo Temperatures and Five Salinities

Competition among HAB (Harmful Algal Bloom) species Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, Raphidophyte Heterosigma carterae, and Diatom Skeletonema costatum was studied in the laboratory. Experiments with these three major HAB species under combinations of different salinities (10, 18, 25, 30, 35) and temperatures (19℃, 25℃) were carried out. The results showed that S. costatum successfully competed with the other two species at salinities of 18, 25,30, and 35 at temperatures of 19℃ and 25℃. However, H. carterae showed its advantage at low salinity of 10 and became the single dominant species at salinity 10 and 25℃. A. tamarense could not compete successfully with the other two species especially at low salinities. However, it could remain at low density in the presence of higher densities of other algae.     

崎岖列岛附近海域浮游植物与水环境状况研究

于2001年冬(2月)、春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)首次对崎岖列岛附近海域的浮游植物和赤潮生物与枯水期(2月)、丰水期(7月)的水质进行了调查研究.采用浮游植物细胞丰度法和环境质量单项评价标准指数法,对该海域环境质量状况进行评估.结果表明:崎岖列岛附近海域共有浮游植物6门45属90种,其中赤潮生物有33种,浮游植物平均细胞丰度从大到小的顺序为,夏季(4.25×104个/dm3),秋季(3.85×104个/dm3),春季(2.66×104个/dm3),冬季(5.20×103个/dm3).底泥中发现的藻类有80种,其中赤潮生物有31种,并发现一些甲藻孢囊及休眠孢子.底泥藻类丰度为12~612个/g,平均值为68个/g.主要有害赤潮生物为具齿原甲藻Prorocentrum dentatum(东海区的东海原甲藻P.donghaiense),链状亚历山大藻Alexandrium catenella,塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense,项圈亚历山大藻Alexandrium monilatum,尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,具尾鳍藻Dinophysis caudata,夜光藻Noctiluca scintillans,裸藻Eutreptiella gymnastica等.主要赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum.该海域化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐和无机氮则超标严重,水质已处于严重富营养化状态.     

Seasonal and interannual variability of sea surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Japan/East Sea (JES)

Seasonal and interannual variability of chlorophyll a concentration in the Japan/East Sea (JES) was detected spatially by ocean color satellite remote sensing. Start timing of the spring bloom was different spatially. The spring bloom started at the subpolar front and southward of it in March, northward of subpolar front, along the Primorye coast and off Hokkaido in April and in the middle of the Japan Basin in May. The start of the spring bloom showed interannual variability that corresponded with the wind speed in the area. The spring bloom in 1998 and 2002 appeared about four weeks earlier than in 1997, 1999 and 2001, and it corresponded with weak winds that can lead to an early development of the thermocline. The bloom was late in 1999 and 2001 in the Japan Basin and along the Primorye coast, and in the southern area in 2000. It corresponded with stronger wind stress that delayed seasonal thermocline formation. The bloom along the Primorye coast appeared later in 1999, and it corresponded with stronger wind stress, and at the same time, it seemed to be related with the delay of melting of sea ice in Mamiya Strait. The fall bloom appeared from early October to early December, and it did not have a clear temporal transition. The area where chlorophyll a concentration exceeded 0.8 μg l⁻¹ was wider in the western area than in the eastern area every year. The magnitude of the fall bloom was different between years, but it did not show a correlation with average wind speed in fall. Those results indicated that the timing of the seasonal bloom in the JES is largely affected by the variability of global climate such as ENSO events.     

On the remote monitoring of Karenia brevis blooms of the west Florida shelf

In situ surveys (1997–2002) of Karenia brevis distribution on the west Florida shelf were used to explain spectral remote sensing reflectance, chlorophyll-a concentration, and backscattering coefficient estimates derived using SeaWiFS satellite data. Two existing approaches were tested in an attempt to differentiate K. brevis blooms from other blooms or plumes. A chlorophyll-anomaly method used operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sometimes correctly identified K. brevis blooms but also generated false positives and false negatives. The method identified approximately 1000 km² of high chlorophyll-anomalies (>1 mg m⁻³) off southwest Florida between the 10 and 50-m isobaths nearly every day from summer to late fall. Whether these patches were K. brevis blooms or not is unknown. A second method used a backscattering:chlorophyll-a ratio to identify K. brevis patches. This method separated K. brevis from other blooms using in situ optical data, but it yielded less satisfactory results with SeaWiFS data. Spectral reflectance (R_rs) estimates for K. brevis blooms, diatom blooms, and coastal river plumes are statistically similar for many cases. Large pixel size, shallow water, and imperfect algorithms distort satellite retrievals of bio-optical parameters in patchy blooms. At present, a combination of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-anomaly, backscattering:chlorophyll-a ratio, RGB composites, MODIS fluorescence data, as well as time-series analysis and ancillary data such as winds, currents, and sea surface temperature can improve K. brevis bloom assessments. Progress in atmospheric correction and bio-optical inversion algorithms is required to help improve capabilities to monitor K. brevis blooms from space. Further, satellite sensors with improved radiometric capabilities and temporal/spatial resolutions are also required.