牛蒡寡糖对双歧杆菌体外生长的促进作用

牛蒡寡糖是从菊科植物牛蒡（Arctium lappa L．）的等外根中提取得到的一种水溶性的果寡糖。将牛蒡寡糖代替葡萄糖作为培养基的碳源,考察了双歧杆菌体外生长的情况,并探讨了牛蒡寡糖对双歧杆菌生长的作用效果。结果表明,牛蒡寡糖对双歧杆菌体外生长有显著的促进作用,优于葡萄糖作碳源时的效果（P〈0．05）。培养基中牛蒡寡糖的最适添加量为1．0％～2．0％（m／V）。牛蒡寡糖不仅能缩短双歧杆菌生长的适应期,而且能使其显著增殖。     

Evaluation of microbiological water quality in the Pettaquamscutt River (Rhode Island, USA) using chemical, molecular and culture-dependent methods

We evaluated microbiological water quality in the Pettaquamscutt River (Rhode Island, USA), an estuarine river. Fecal coliform (FC) and enterococci (FE) bacteria, presence of Bifidobacterium adolescentis DNA (indicating human fecal contamination), and optical brightener (OB) fluorescence (associated with laundry detergents) were determined for 14 stations from May to September 2010. Six stations had high counts of FE and FC, and the presence of B. adolescentis DNA and high OB fluorescence indicated human fecal contamination - four had septic systems as likely sources of contamination; the others were in sewered areas. The ability of FC and FE to indicate human fecal contamination was assessed against a positive B. adolescentis test. FC and FE had false positive rates of 25% and 17%, respectively, and false negatives of 44% for FC and 63% for FE. Inclusion of molecular and chemical indicators should improve tracking of human fecal contamination sources in the river.