UV-B辐射对海洋微藻抗氧化系统的影响

研究了UV－B辐射对两种海洋微藻－小新月菱形藻（Ntzschia closterlum)和亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subcordiforming)的抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明：在本实验的辐射剂量范围内，随着UV－B辐射剂量的增强，两种藻的抗氧化防御系统的非酶性组分还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和类胡萝卜素（CAR）的含量随之下降；抗氧化防御系统的酶性组分超氧化歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性逐渐降低。加入外源性抗氧化剂GSH可减轻UV－B辐射对藻的伤害。分析表明海洋微藻的UV－B伤害是由于抗氧化防御系统遭到破坏而导致活性氧积累的结果。     

锶诱导的氧化胁迫对叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria inornata)的影响

采用不同浓度的锶胁迫方法研究了叉鞭金藻生长、叶绿素、MDA含量及三种抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GPX活性的变化。结果表明，在实验设计的各种Sr^2 浓度内叉鞭金藻均能生长，但Sr^2 浓度较高时生长受到不同程度的抑制，细胞数量比对照组分别减少15．9％和51．0％；叉鞭金藻中叶绿素含量随着Sr^2 浓度的升高而降低，呈负相关关系；叉鞭金藻中MDA含量在较低Sr^2 浓度下稍呈下降趋势，但与对照组相比并无显著差异，而在23．04mmol／L Sr^2 浓度时是对照的1．25倍；低Sr^2 浓度时，叉鞭金藻中蛋白质含量没有大的变化，当浓度超过5．76mmol／L时则引起蛋白质含量下降；叉鞭金藻中抗氧化酶SOD在低Sr^2 时分别降低12．5％、7．5％和9．5％，高Sr^2 时显著升高，为对照组的85．7％；CAT、GPX活性在低Sr^2 浓度时差别不大，但当浓度为23．04mmol／L时升高显著，比对照组分别增加了19．8％和74．4％。     

Response of antioxidant systems to copper in the gills of the clam Ruditapes decussatus

Copper (Cu) is an essential element for biological systems, however, when present in excess, is toxic. Metallothioneins can play an important role in Cu homeostasis and detoxification. Moreover, Cu can catalyse the production of toxic hydroxyl radicals that cause lipid peroxidation but defence systems in the cells can limit the oxidative damage. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of three Cu concentrations (0.5, 2.5 and 25 μg l⁻¹) on the response of antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathion peroxidase and total glutathion peroxidase), total proteins, metallothioneins (MT), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the gills of the clam, Ruditapes decussatus. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and total proteins, MT and MDA concentrations were measured in the gills of the clams after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of Cu exposure. Results indicate that Cu only induces an imbalance in the oxygen metabolism during the first week of Cu exposure due to a decrease in mitochondrial SOD and CAT, selenium-dependent and total glutathion peroxidase activities. Cu also causes lipid peroxidation, measured by the MDA formation, that was Cu dependent. In the gills of clams exposed to 25 μg Cu/l, the excess of Cu triggers the induction of MT synthesis after 3 days of exposure.     

谷氨酰胺二肽对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡及肠粘膜形态的影响

采用饲养对比试验方法,研究了谷氨酰胺二肽（Gin二肽）对日本对虾血清生化指标、肝胰腺细胞凋亡和肠绒毛的影响及对虾体健康的作用。结果表明,饲喂Gin二肽各组的PO、LSZ、ACP含量均显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组,添加0.5％和1．0％Gin二肽组的SOD和ALP含量也显著（P〈0．05）高于对照组：添加1．0％Gin二肽的TP含量显著（P〈0．05）高于其它各组。血清TP、PA、UN、CHO、PO、LSZ、SOD、ALP、ACP和LDH等各项指标均随Gin二肽添加量的提高而呈现增加趋势。试验建立了流式细胞术检测对虾肝胰腺细胞凋亡率的方法;肝胰腺细胞凋亡率随着日粮Gin二肽添加量的增加而显著降低（P〈0．05）。肠道切片显微观测结果表明,添加1．0％的Gin二肽能显著增加日本对虾肠绒毛高度（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加Gin二肽可显著提高日本对虾血清中的溶菌酶、抗氧化酶及磷酸酶活性,降低肝胰腺细胞凋亡率,增加肠绒毛高度,改善虾体健康状况。     

δ-维生素E和迷迭香在鲱鱼油中的抗氧化效果

在鲱鱼油中分别加入抗氧化剂δ-维生素 E,迷迭香及其混合物 ( KEMIN- Europe,含有 δ-维生素 E和迷迭香 )。在氧化诱导器 ( Metrohm Rancimat,80℃ )中测定每一抗氧化剂的诱导时间 ,结果表明 ,迷迭香比 δ-维生素 E稳定鱼油的性能好。混合天然的抗氧化剂较单一天然抗氧化剂效率要高 ,迷迭香和δ-维生素 E彼此具有协同效应。     

Can light intensity cause shifts in natural product and bacterial profiles of the sponge Aplysina aerophoba?

The potential role of microbial consortia on sponge chemistry is well known. However, how environmental factors affect microbial and chemical profiles and how these shifts affect the sponge holobiont are far from being understood. This study experimentally investigated the effect of light on both the concentration of secondary metabolites and the bacterial assemblages of the sponge Aplysina aerophoba. We quantified major brominated alkaloids (BAs) using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system coupled with a UV‐detector and analysed sponge‐associated bacteria using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. We identified distinct chemical and bacterial profiles between the ectosome and the choanosome of A. aerophoba. The abundance of most secondary metabolites increased regardless of the illumination regime. We found that the probability of occurrence of three microbial phylotypes (operational taxonomic units 84, 86 and 87) was strongly associated with increasing concentrations of three brominated compounds (aerophobin‐1, aplysinamisin‐1 and isofistularin‐3). Although the role of these bacteria remains uninvestigated, these associations between natural products and specific microbial phylotypes outline further hypotheses that will improve our understanding of the organization and functioning of these complex host–symbiont interactions.     

光照、变性剂和pH对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)别藻蓝蛋白(APC)抗氧化活性的影响

采用不同光照条件、不同浓度的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和脲，以及不同pH等条件处理钝顶螺旋藻别藻蓝蛋白(APC)，检测其光谱变化、生成及清除自由基能力的变化，对纯化的钝顶螺旋藻别藻蓝蛋白(APC)在不同条件下的抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明，光照下，APC具有生成自由基的能力；黑暗中，APC却表现为清除自由基。SDS是一种很强的变性剂，1mmol／L的SDS即可以使APC完全变性，能量传递功能丧失，光照下，APC生成自由基的能力丧失，自由基清除能力明显增强。1．6mol／L的脲作用后，只使APC部分变性，导致APC能量传递效率降低，光照下，表现为生成自由基的能力下降。随着脲浓度的升高(3．2mol／L、6．4mol／L)，APC的结构逐渐变化，能量传递功能逐渐丧失，表现为生成自由基的能力逐渐下降，清除自由基的功能逐渐增强。APC具有较宽的pH稳定性，在pH为7—10的范围内非常稳定；当pH为11时，APC的结构已经发生变化。在日光灯下，pH为7时，APC具有生成自由基的能力；pH为8时，APC的荧光光谱虽然没有发生变化，但它们表现为清除自由基的能力。随着pH的增加，自由基清除能力也增强。因此，APC具有产生和清除自由基的双重功能，光照是调控自由基清除与产生的关键因素，并且只有APC具有能量吸收和传递功能时，才具有产生自由基的能力。脱辅基蛋白变性后，清除自由基的能力加强。     

Integrated use of biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation) in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis for assessing heavy metals' pollution in coastal areas from the Saronikos Gulf of Greece

Mussels are used as sentinel organisms and bioindicators to evaluate the toxic effects of chemical pollutants in marine organisms, especially heavy metals, representing an important tool for biomonitoring environmental pollution in coastal areas. Antioxidant defence enzymes play an important role in cellular antioxidant defence systems and protect from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Indigenous mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis of the Saronikos Gulf of Greece were used for monitoring heavy metal pollution in three polluted sites in the area and in one unpolluted site. Seasonal variations of the activity of antioxidant defence enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as lipid peroxidation (LP) were measured as biomarkers in a period of three years in relation to concentrations of trace metals in their gills and mantle and compared to mussels from an unpolluted sampling site. SOD activity increased at least 2 fold at the polluted sites when compared to the control site (the high activity was recorded in the spring time). CAT activity was increased 2-3 times at the polluted sites, with high activity in the winter and spring time, compared to the control site. LP concentration was twice higher at the polluted sites, following the same seasonal pattern. Trace metals contents in mussels collected at polluted sites were 3-4 fold higher compared to the control site and showed moderate variations along the months, with a winter maximum followed by a summer pre-spawning minimum matching the seasonal trends of temperature and salinity. Our results showed that metal pollution in the Elefsis Bay (the most polluted coastal area) causes relatively medium levels of oxidative stress in tissues of mussels due to cellular oxy-radical generation. This study, which is the first in the area, showed that seasonal variations of the activity of antioxidant defence enzymes and LP concentrations in mussels can be used as potential biomarkers of toxicity for long-term monitoring in marine coastal ecosystems.     

不同聚合度琼寡糖对肝细胞内外抗氧化活性的影响

通过研究不同聚合度琼寡糖对肝细胞的内外抗氧化活性的影响,对琼寡糖聚合度与活性间的关系进行了评价。利用二苯基苦味酰肼自由基(DPPH·)检测方法研究了琼寡糖的细胞外抗氧化活性,结果表明,琼六糖具较高的淬灭自由基活性的能力。采用二氯荧光素检测方法(DCF)细胞内的活性,结果与细胞外的活性结果相吻合,并抑制H2O2所造成的细胞氧化损伤及死亡。通过选用五种聚合度的琼胶寡糖,研究了其抗氧化活性,从细胞内、外两个水平说明琼六糖均有良好的清除自由基活性的能力,进一步证实琼寡糖的抗氧化作用较强。