Ⅱ型光电等高仪自动观测系统

本文叙述了APPLE－Ⅱ微机控制光电等高仪观测的系统，该系统可以实现自动导星、定位、跟踪与换星。在控制系统中应用了高精度的圆感应同步测角器和简单的恒星时钟卡。该系统的望远镜定位精度达±3″，跟踪精度达±5″。该套设备现在已投入正常使用，对改善观测条件和提高观测质量取得了明显效果。     

Incorporation of Perception-based Information in Robot Learning Using Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning Agents

Robot learning in unstructured environments has been proved to be an extremely challenging problem, mainly because of many uncertainties always present in the real world. Human beings, on the other hand, seem to cope very well with uncertain and unpredictable environments, often relying on perception-based information. Furthermore, humans beings can also utilize perceptions to guide their learning on those parts of the perception-action space that are actually relevant to the task. Therefore, we conduct a research aimed at improving robot learning through the incorporation of both perceptionbased and measurement-based information. For this reason, a fuzzy reinforcement learning (FRL) agent is proposed in this paper. Based on a neural-fuzzy architecture, different kinds of information can be incorporated into the FRL agent to initialise its action network, critic network and evaluation feedback module so as to accelerate its learning. By making use of the global optimisation capability of GAs (genetic algorithms), a GA-based FRL (GAFRL) agent is presented to solve the local minima problem in traditional actor-critic reinforcement learning. On the other hand, with the prediction capability of the critic network, GAs can perform a more effective global search. Different GAFRL agents are constructed and verified by using the simulation model of a physical biped robot. The simulation analysis shows that the biped learning rate for dynamic balance can be improved by incorporating perception-based information on biped balancing and walking evaluation. The biped robot can find its application in ocean exploration, detection or sea rescue activity, as well as military maritimeac tivity.     

山东近海牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)自然和养殖群体10个微卫星基因座位的遗传多态性分析

采用微卫星遗传标记技术对山东近海牙鲆自然群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。实验所用牙鲆于2003年5月分别采自山东近海和青岛胶南养鱼场，各20尾，取全血或肌肉组织，以酚-仿抽提方法提取基因组DNA，利用筛选获得的10对微卫星引物进行PCR扩增，反应产物经8％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离、EB显色，用ImageMasterl D Elite(Version 3．01)软件分析电泳结果，并计算了相应的遗传学参数。结果表明，在自然和养殖群体中，10个基因座位的等位基因平均数(α)分别为6．7和6．1，每个基因座位有效等位基因数(αe)分别为1．8—6．8和2．5—6．7，群体平均杂合度(H)分别为0．8120和0．7310；两个群体间的遗传相似性系数、遗传距离和基因分化系数为0．8558、0．1557和0．0558；自然群体内每个座位上的多态信息含量(PIC)为0．59—0．84、个体识别率(DP)为0．54—0．86、非父排除率(PPE)为0．41—0．72，其累积个体识别率和非父排除率均达到0．9999，表明所选座位属中高识别力的遗传标记，可以将它们应用于今后牙鲆雌核发育群体的遗传变异分析以及进一步的遗传育种的研究中。     

中华乌塘鳢的群体生物学研究 Ⅱ.生化遗传变异

用同工酶谱法发现中华乌塘鳢Bostrichthy sinensis四个群体的遗传变异水平很低,在所检测的30个基因座位中,多态座位比例只有0—10％,平均杂合度仅为0.2—0.5％,物种的平均杂合度为0.33±0.10％。四个群体共享常见的等位基因。虽然其中三个群体拥有特有的等位基因,但其基因频率都未超过5％。四个群体的Nei氏遗传距只有1.68—12.13×10~(-5)。据分析,近交可能是遗传变异水平低和形态特征分化差的主要原因。种苗生产上应注意广泛采集不同地理群体的鱼作亲鱼,以丰富养殖群体的基因库。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼小型群体资源分布及其渔场环境特征

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是我国远洋渔业的重要捕捞对象。当前针对茎柔鱼渔场分布及其与环境关系的研究多集中于秘鲁海域,针对赤道海域茎柔鱼特定种群小型群体资源分布及其渔场环境特征研究较少。根据2019年12月至2020年2月茎柔鱼生物学数据,2019年12月至2020年4月生产和环境数据,运用胴长-体重关系拟合、地统计插值、广义可加模型(GAM)探究其资源分布及渔场环境状况。结果表明：东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼胴长范围为136~407 mm,体重范围为117~1557 g；2019年12月至2020年4月各月渔获量呈先增加后减小趋势,2月渔获量最高；CPUE曲线除2月增加外,总体呈下降趋势；渔场集中分布于0°~3°S、105°W~114°W海域,不同月份渔场重心经向变化明显；渔场最适SST范围是24.5~25.5 °C,最适Chl-a范围是0.16~0.20 mg/m3,月份是影响茎柔鱼CPUE的主要因子。研究表明：该海域茎柔鱼渔获主要为小型群体；小型群体生长发育期(2–3月)对渔场分布有重要影响,生长发育期前茎柔鱼集群度高,生长发育期后逐渐分散活动；单一影响因子与茎柔鱼CPUE相关性不显著,综合考虑其他环境因素及其交互影响是今后的研究方向。     

几种优良养殖对虾杂合性的比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术研究了南美白对虾（Penaeus vannamei)，日本对虾（Penaeus japonicus)，斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon)，新对虾（Metapenaeus ensis)养殖群体杂合体缺乏及过量。结果表明南美白对虾在Est-2(F=0.705),Aat-2(F=1.000)，两个位点上存在杂合子缺乏，在Adh-3(F=-1.000),Sdh-2(F=-1.000),Mdh-4(F=-1.000)三个位点上存在杂合子过量；日本对虾在Est-1(F=0.258),Sod-1(F=0.467)两个位点上存在杂合子缺乏；斑节对虾在Est-1(F=0.254),Sdh-3(F=1.000)两个位点上存在杂合子缺乏；新对虾在Aat-1(F=1.000)位点上存在杂合子缺乏，在Est-1(F=-0.158),Sod-1(F=-1.000),Me-4(-F=1.000)三个位点上存在杂合子过量。导致杂合子缺乏的主要原因可能是自然选择，近交，Wahland效应等。杂合子缺乏会导致某些基因从基因库中消失，造成种群遗传多样性的降低，从而降低物种适应环境的能力。     

东白令海三种经济鲽类捕捞群体结构与生长特性比较

对东白令海水域双线鲽(Lepidopsetta bilineata)、太平洋拟庸鲽(Hippoglosso-ides elassodon)和阿拉斯加鲽(Pleuronectes quadrituberculata)等三种经济鲽类的捕捞群体结构和生长特性进行比较。得出结论是:(1)捕捞群体结构复杂;(2)渐近体长和渐近体重较大、寿命长、K值小;(3)雌鱼比雄鱼个体大、生长快、寿命长;(4)三种鲽类的捕捞群体结构和生长特性有明显差异。     

翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker)种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对翘嘴红鲌养殖群体进行了DNA多态性检测.共采用40个随机引物进行扩增,其中14个引物可获得清晰且重复性好的扩增图谱,共扩增出121个RAPD位点,具有多态现象的位点为40个,多态位点比例为33.06%.翘嘴红鲌群体的遗传相似系数为 0.8878-0.9600,平均为0.9201,遗传变异度为0.0799.Shannon多样性指数为10.8824,Shannon多样性值为0.0899.研究表明,翘嘴红鲌目前的种质资源状况令人堪忧,改变目前人工繁育模式,建立原种、良种场,丰富物种遗传多样性是资源保护的基础.     

耳鲍(Haliotis asinina)核糖体小亚基(18S rRNA)编码基因的克隆与序列分析

采用分子生物学的方法,对南海不同海区的两个地理群体耳鲍(Haliotis asinina)18S rRNA基因全长进行了克隆和序列分析,并将耳鲍18S rRNA基因的序列与NCBI数据库中已收录鲍的18SrRNA基因进行了比较。结果发现,南海耳鲍核糖体18S rRNA基因与耳鲍H.asinina isolate H11核糖体18S rRNA基因序列的相同率高达98%;同一地理群体内耳鲍核糖体18S rRNA基因序列完全一致;不同地理群体间耳鲍核糖体18S rRNA基因在碱基组成上的相似率为99%,仅在某些位点处发生了碱基替换,即腺嘌呤(T)被鸟嘌呤(G)替换;同时,将这两个不同群体中耳鲍的18S rRNA基因与泰国耳鲍18S rRNA基因序列进行比较分析发现,它们之间也只是发生了碱基替换。     

Application of the first internal transcribed spacer(ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA as a molecular marker to population analysis in farrer''s scallop Chlamys farreri

Sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA （ ITS - 1 ） was examined and its application to the study of genetic variation was explored in four populations of farter＇ s scallop Chlamys farreri. ITS - 1 fragments, with a length of about 300 bp,of 78 individuals collected from Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai in China and Korea respectively were amplified via PCR, cloned and sequenced. Intra-genomic variation was examined by sequencing several clones of single individuals. Alignment and polymorphism analysis detected 44 haplotypes and 50 polymorphic sites which consist of 30 substitutions and 20 indels, indicating a high level of polymorphisms. Sequence analysis also showed a very low level of intra-individual variation. All these features validated the feasibility of application of ITS - 1 fragment to population analysis. Polymorphism analysis showed that the Korea sample has the richest genetic variation, followed by Yantai and Qingdao samples. AMOVA （analysis of molecular variance） showed that the majority （96.26%） of genetic variation was distributed within populations and 3.74% resulted from among populations, but with P 〈 0.05 （ = 0.042）, indicating that the populations in this study have significant divergence. This output was basically concordant with the result arising from RAPD data and different from that from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence data. Discussion on this inconsistency was made accordingly.