鲍育苗期病害的防治研究：II.抗菌药物对幼鲍病害的防治试验

本文报道了以鲍鱼的上足分化幼虫和围口壳幼虫作试验对象，用土霉素、氯霉素、盐酸环丙沙星等抗菌药物作防治幼鲍病害的试验，结果表明：０．５￣５ｇ／ｍ＾３浓度的氯霉素浸浴４８ｈ，１￣１０ｇ／ｍ＾３浓度的土霉素浸浴４８ｈ，０．２５￣０．５ｇ／ｍ＾３浓度的盐酸环丙沙星浸浴２４ｈ都能有效地抑制或杀死细菌；而幼鲍及饵料硅藻的生长和发育均不受其影响；但这些物对原生动物、线虫和桡足类均无杀伤作用。     

海洋细菌作用下海水中铬化学形态的转化

于外加Cr(Ⅳ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的天然海水中接种海洋细菌,充氧条件下培养。在细菌对数生长期,大部分Cr(Ⅳ)被还原为Cr(Ⅲ)继而转化为有机铬。在稳定期,有机铬为溶解铬的主要形态,在无菌控制实验中,Cr(Ⅳ)和Cr(Ⅲ)浓度基本不随培养时间变化。说明在没有海洋细菌活动参与下,水中铬形态转化难以进行。实验结果为天然海水中溶解态铬的热力学不平衡状态提供部分可能的解释。     

Geochemistry of porewater and sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediment cores from the Chianan Plain, Taiwan

High concentrations of arsenic and humic substances in groundwater from the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan were well known for their probable relationships with black-foot disease. In order to realize the relationships between the concentrations of humic substances and arsenic in this area, 24 well water samples were analyzed. After filtered through 0.45 μm glass fiber membrane in the field, samples were kept in the dark at 4℃ and then separated into six fractions with varying range of molecular weight （〈0.5, 0.5-1, 1-5, 5-10, 10-50 and 〉50 k Da） by ultrafiltration apparatus （Molecular/Por Stirred Cell system） in the lab. Concentrations of humic substances were measured by fluorescence spectrometer （HITACHI F-2000, ex=370, em=445） and arsenic by FIAS-AA （Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 100, FIAS-400）. On average, only 6.2% of the total arsenic in water existed in the fraction of 〉0.5 k Da. and the others were complexed with humic substances （including humic acid and fulvic acid）. The results demonstrated a distinct positive correlation between the concentrations of humic substances and arsenic.     

Characterization of microbial communities associated with African desert dust and their implications for human and ecosystem health

Desert winds aerosolize several billion tons of soil-derived dust each year, including concentrated seasonal pulses from Africa and Asia. Huge dust events create an atmospheric bridge over continents and oceans, and eject a large pulse of soil-associated microorganisms into the atmosphere. These dust events might therefore have a role in expanding the biogeographical range of some microorganisms by facilitating rare long-distance dispersal events. The goal of this study is to characterize the microbes associated with African dust events and determine if they pose a risk to humans or downwind ecosystems. Air samples were collected by vacuum filtration in a source region （Mali, West Africa） during dust events and plated on R2A media to culture microorganisms. These organisms were compared to those in similar samples collected in the Caribbean during Saharan/Sahelian dust events. A high-volume liquid impinger is currently being tested in Barbados, collecting aerosol samples during African dust events. Over 100 bacteria and fungi （19 genera of bacteria and three genera of fungi） have been characterized from source region dust events.     

Biomineralization of Uranium: A Simulated Experiment and Its Significance

A simulated experimental reduction of U^v1 and the synthesis of uraninite by a sulfate-reducing bacteria,Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642, are first reported. The simulated physicochemical experimental conditions were:35℃, pH=7.0-7.4, corresponding to the environments of formation of the sandstone-hosted interlayer oxidation-zone type uranium deposits in Xinjiang, NW China. Uraninite was formed on the surface of the host bacteria after a one-week‘s incubation. Therefore, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which existed extensively in Jurassic sandstone-producing environments,might have participated in the biomineralization of this uranium deposit. There is an important difference in the orderdisorder of the crystalline structure between the uraninite produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and naturally occurring uraninite. Long time and slow precipitation and growth of uraninite in the geological environment might have resulted in larger uraninite crystals, with uraninite nanocrystals arranged in order, whereas the experimentally produced uraninite is composed of unordered uraninite nanocrystals which, in contrast, result from the short time span of formation and rapid precipitation and growth of uraninite. The discovery has important implications for understanding genetic significance in mineralogy, and also indicates that in-situ bioremediation of U-contaminated environments and use of biotechnology in the treatment of radioactive liquid waste is being contemplated.     

广东湛江泥炭层中趋磁细菌的发现

在研究黄土剖面中有机物质（含微生物）与黄土层磁化率关系时,发现黄土层,特别是所夹古土壤层中存在含磁小体的趋磁细菌,古土壤层中趋磁细菌及磁小体含量均高于相邻的黄土层。磁小体形成和铁源关系测试结果揭示了趋磁细菌的生长与有机盐有关,较低浓度的有机铁更有利于趋磁细菌的生长和磁小体的形成。从某种意义上说有机盐反映地面有机质含量,从而表明大量磁小体形成不是在古土壤最发育时期,也不是在快速黄土堆积时期,而是在气候转变的特定环境,即经过古土壤发育期的长期风化侵蚀,粘土矿物含量增高,与上覆的黄土堆积物组合成微氧环…     

地下水和场地的原位修复

生物修复描述了在地下水和土壤中进行的微生物自然降解过程，该过程是在厌氧(缺氧)条件下进行的。自然降解过程既需要电子给予者(如氧)，也需要电子接收者(如氢)。多数情况下由于这些基本要素的需要(氧或氢)，土壤很快会变得贫乏，氧或氢会以最快的速度阻止自然微生物污染的扩散并达到降解目的。通过固有细菌和自然土壤过程(固有衰减)使土壤和地下水污染物衰减的很大优势在于避免了昂贵的泵吸系统、相关工作、     

基于细菌觅食优化广义回归神经网络的煤层气含量预测

为提高煤层气含量预测的能力,提出了一种基于细菌觅食优化广义回归神经网络( BFA?GRNN)的煤层气含量预测算法。利用已有煤层资料,通过神经网络建立回归模型,采用细菌觅食算法对模型参数进行优化,减少人为因素在网络训练中的影响。据此算法,在聚类分析及灰色关联分析的基础上,选取密度等共7个影响因素,建立煤层气含量预测的BFA?GRNN模型,通过实例分析验证该方法的可行性。结果表明:BFA?GRNN模型预测值与实测值之间相对误差小于6%,采用该模型预测煤层含气量具有较好的应用前景。