海洋浮游植物铁限制的研究进展

介绍了海洋铁限制的研究进展和它对全球气候的影响,铁对海洋浮游植物的生长有着重要的作用,在高营养盐低叶绿素（HNLC）区域,铁是藻类生长的限制因子,海洋施铁对降低温室效应有着很好的前景,铁也是近岸赤潮发生的激发因子之一。     

关于海平面上升及其环境效应

沿海地区地质环境复杂。由于国民经济的迅速发展,人类活动日益增多,对地质环境进一步造成严重的不利影响。特别是“温室效应”引发的海平面上升,使各种地质灾害更加激化。文章详细探讨了海平面上升的影响因素,理论海平面与相对海平面升降幅度的评估,以及海平面上升所造成的地质环境效应与相应的防治对策,特别强调控制沿海城市地面沉降,以减轻海平面相对上升造成的危害,具有特殊而重要的意义。     

试论未来全球气候变化

未来全球气候变化是人们关注的重大课题。从内蒙古盐湖近２０ｋａ气候演变的研究可知，地质时期和历史时期气候波动变化是有规律可循的。用已经了解的这种变化规律来予测未来气候变化是有价值的。研究表明，未来１ｋａ左右全球为暖期，之后将进入下一个冰期。     

二氧化碳,海洋与气候

文章讨论了由于大气中CO_2浓度的增加所产生的“温室效应”和海洋与CO_2之间的相互作用。已有的研究表明,自从工业革命以来,大气中CO_2浓度已由290ppmv增至340ppmv左右,并且目前人类每年大约向大气输送180×10~8t的CO_2,大气的平均温度以0.1—0.5℃/10α的速度增加。据估计,截止本世纪末地球大气的平均温度将升高3±1.5℃。这种现象对地球的环境生态将产生明显的影响。海洋是碳的巨大贮存所(约390×10~11t溶解碳),海洋能够吸收和释放CO_2;CO_2在海洋的穿透深度为700m。已有的研究结果表明,CO_2在海洋和大气之间处于不平衡状态。本文提出,是否可以通过研究CO_2在大气与海洋之间的相互作用,海洋吸收、贮存和转移CO_2的能力来了解碳在海洋中的转移通道和大气中CO_2浓度的变化倾向,从而预测世界范围内气候的变化趋势,并初步予以探讨。     

冷泉系统甲烷气体渗漏的声学特征及潜在环境效应

The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle. It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement and dissolution process in the water column and its output to the atmosphere. Methane bubbles produce strong acoustic impedance in water bodies, and bubble strings released from deep sea cold seeps are called "gas flares"which expressed as flame-like strong backscatter in the water column. We characterized the morphology and movement of methane bubbles released into the water using multibeam water column data at two cold seeps. The result shows that methane at site I reached 920 m water depth without passing through the top of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ, 850 m), while methane bubbles at site II passed through the top of the GHSZ(597 m) and entered the non-GHSZ(above 550 m). By applying two methods on the multibeam data, the bubble rising velocity in the water column at sites I and II were estimated to be 9.6 cm/s and 24 cm/s, respectively. Bubble velocity is positively associated with water depth which is inferred to be resulted from decrease of bubble size during methane ascending in the water. Combined with numerical simulation, we concluded that formation of gas hydrate shells plays an important role in helping methane bubbles entering the upper water bodies, while other factors, including water depth, bubble velocity, initial kinetic energy and bubble size, also influence the bubble residence time in the water and the possibility of methane entering the atmosphere. We estimate that methane gas flux at these two sites is 0.4×10~6–87.6×10~6 mol/a which is extremely small compared to the total amount of methane in the ocean body, however, methane leakage might exert significant impact on the ocean acidification considering the widespread distributed cold seeps. In addition, although methane entering the atmosphere is not observed, further research is still needed to understand its potential impact on increasing methane concentration in the surface seawater and gas-water interface methane exchange rate, which consequently increase the greenhouse effect.     

气候变暖对黄淮海地区小麦产量可能影响的模拟试验

本文分析了黄淮海地区小麦生育期内不同时段的温度、降水与产量的关系,分别得到了不同类型的偏回归系数曲线。在此基础上,进行了不同季节温度升高对小麦产量的影响及温度、降水同时变化综合影响的模拟试验。结果表明,各地不同季节气候变暖对小麦产量的影响不同:北部、中部地区秋季、冬季变暖将导致增产,春季减产;而南部地区则秋季、春季将减产,冬季增产(河南南部略有不同)。降水量变化对各地各季气候变暖产量效应的迭加作用不同:北部、中部地区秋、冬季降水有利于增产,春季降水对减产略起缓解作用;南方各季降水过多均对小麦不利。总的说来,大部分地区若小麦生育期内气候变暖变湿,将有利于增产,但南部地区降水过多有不容忽视的负作用。