黄豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀多变量试验研究

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀（enzyme induced carbonate precipitation,简称EICP）可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但在具体操作时,参数取值无对应规范,固化效果有待提升。基于黄豆脲酶,研究了温度、脲酶浓度、尿素浓度、钙浓度、pH值、钙源种类等变量对脲酶活性与碳酸钙沉淀的影响,并进行了沉淀物（碳酸钙晶体）的扫描式电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）与X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,简称XRD）测试,在此基础上开展了黄豆脲酶固化砂的无侧限抗压强度与固化效果试验研究。结果表明：脲酶活性随脲酶浓度的增加而线性增长,但存在温度阈值,温度超过阈值后,脲酶将完全失活,且阈值随脲酶浓度的增大而降低;尿素浓度与pH值共同影响脲酶活性,二者存在一个最优组合,当尿素浓度在0.1～1.0 mol/L时最优pH值为7,当尿素浓度在1.0～1.5 mol/L时最优pH值为8。脲酶是沉淀反应的催化剂,脲酶浓度越高,反应越完全,碳酸钙沉淀率越高;尿素与钙溶液则主要通过掺入量影响碳酸钙沉淀量,掺量比例宜为1:1,且二者浓度与pH值可通过影响脲酶活性来影响碳酸钙的沉淀情况;不同钙源对碳酸钙沉淀量的影响幅度不大。不同钙源沉淀碳酸钙晶体的成分与密度基本相同,但晶体结构差异较大,氯化钙沉淀碳酸钙晶体以块状为主,表面分布球状、类球状晶体,胶结面大,可作为EICP技术中较为理想的钙源。基于黄豆脲酶和氯化钙钙源固化砂的无侧限抗压强度约为掺粉煤灰砂样的6倍,通过SEM图像可发现,沉淀碳酸钙晶体包裹并黏结砂粒成为整体,固化效果非常理想。     

Effects of copper pollution on the activity of soil invertase and urease in loquat orchards

Dealt with in this paper is the relationship between Cu contents of soil and activity parameters for soil invertase and urease from the Changtai loquat orchards in Fujian Province. The soil invertase activity and maximum reaction velocity (enzyme kinetic parameters: Vmax and Vmax/Km) have no remarkable negative correlation with Cu concentrations, but Cu concentrations have an obvious positive effect on invertase Kin, indicating a reversible com-petitive restraint on the reaction between Cu and invertase. The soil urease activity and maximum reaction velocity (Vmax,Vmax/Km) have a remarkable negative correlation with Cu concentrations, and in this aspect, they can be used as ecological indices of the soil polluted by Cu. A slightly variable Km indicates the non-reversible competitive restraint level.     

Effect of different biological solutions on microbially induced carbonate precipitation and reinforcement of sand

Abstract

Sporosarcina pasteurii is widely used in the application of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) for various applications, such as ground reinforcement, erosion mitigation or stabilization of sand foreshore slopes. This study focuses on the effect of thallus resuspended by the fresh medium (RF) on urea hydrolysis, MICP, and sand reinforcement compared with untreated biological solutions (US) with high microbial concentration. The principle is investigated by tests on thallus resuspended by saline solution [NaCl (0.9%)] (RS) and supernatant (SS). The results indicate that the addition of the fresh medium is insignificant for promoting MICP and even has a slightly negative effect on urea hydrolysis and sand improvement for stationary phase bacteria. The ability of US to hydrolyze urea and MICP is derived from two sources: urease existing in the cell bodies and free urease existing in solution for lysis of partial cells, with urease in cells accounting for the majority. The preferable sand reinforcement of US is primarily due to the high amount of carbonate precipitation and formation of non-biological calcium carbonate located primarily in the pores. The results indicate that the preference of US in various engineering applications with lower cost for the realizable reinforcement.     

氨基多糖多孔微球载体制备及其脲酶固定化特性

以脱乙酰度为 95 % ,分子量分别为 98KDa和 1 1 30 KDa的氨基多糖为载体材料 ,采用三聚磷酸钠固定的方法制成氨基多糖微球 ,并以此氨基多糖微球为载体用戊二醛交联法进行脲酶固定化研究。结果表明 :在 3%复合氨基多糖溶液中大、小分子量氨基多糖质量比为 1∶ 5时微球载体机械强度较好 ,表面光滑。用 Ca CO3 (w/w=1 /1 )处理则可得到表面具有蜂窝状结构的多孔微球载体 ;光滑表面微球载体与多孔微球载体对脲酶的固定化效率分别是 5 1 .5 %和 6 8% ;用 1 .5 cm× 1 5 cm柱进行尿素转化时间 1 2 min,光滑表面微球载体固定化脲酶和多孔微球载体固定化脲酶对尿素溶液(30 0 mg/L)转化率分别为 91 .8%和 99.99%。这一结果说明 ,利用多孔微球载体可有效地提高载体对脲酶的固定化效率 ,并且能彻底的分解尿素 ,提高尿素转化率     

酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)技术及其在岩土工程中的应用

通过酶诱导生成碳酸钙沉淀来改良土壤的技术被称为EICP,由于其应用广泛,在过去十多年来引起了越来越多的关注。文章从EICP的机理出发,总结植物脲酶和细菌脲酶的提取方法,探究脲酶、钙源、尿素、脱脂奶粉、温度和pH等因素对EICP胶结效果的影响,归纳检测EICP加固试样的强度、碳酸钙含量、微观结构和成分的方法,并对EICP在岩土工程的应用进行总结与评述。目的是展示目前国内外关于EICP的研究现状,展望未来的研究方向及需要克服的问题。     

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙改良砂土地基承载特性模型试验研究：基于静力触探试验

大豆脲酶促沉碳酸钙（SUICP）是一种新型土体改良技术,碳酸钙充填土内孔隙、胶结土颗粒,必将提高地基承载力。为了定量研究SUICP 灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,开展了内径38.5 cm、高度100 cm的砂柱模型试验,碳酸钙沉积量为砂土质量的3%,基于静力触探试验对地基承载特性改良效果进行了研究。发现砂土地基SUICP 灌浆处理前的锥尖阻力平均值为0.564 MPa,处理后平均值为0.783 MPa,增加38.9%;侧壁摩阻力处理前平均值为19.08 kPa,处理后平均值为26.92 kPa,增加49.83%;砂土地基承载力处理前平均值为79.02 kPa,处理后平均值为108.64 kPa,增加了45.09%。SUICP灌浆提高地基承载特性的原因包括两个方面,一是碳酸钙将砂土颗粒黏结在一起使得颗粒变大,二是碳酸钙的填充作用使得土体更加密实。通过本研究证实了SUICP灌浆对砂土地基承载力的提高作用,解释了发生机理。研究中也发现砂土地基改良的均匀性并不理想,还要进一步探索其发生机理,并研发更好的灌浆技术提高均匀性。     

Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation for the Protection of Earthen Dikes and Embankments Under Surface Runoff: Laboratory Investigations

Earthen structures such as shore protection dikes and river embankments easily suffer from erosion under surface water runoff.This study made experimental efforts to explore the enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP)method for slope erosion control under surface runoff for earthen structures.The sandy soils were treated by the EICP method for various rounds.Surface characteristics were evaluated by the surface penetration resistance,calcium carbonate content,and surface hard crust thickness of EICP-treated soils.Slope runoff erosion experiments were carried out to evaluate the erosion control performances of the EICP treatment.The surface penetration resistance,calcium carbonate content,and surface hard crust thickness were found to significantly increase with the treatment rounds.In the erosion experiments,it was observed that the level of damages decreased and the water flow volume required to trigger the damage increased with more treatments.The increase in the soil slope angle led to more serious surface damages.The amount and rate that the soil particles were eroded from the slope surfaces declined with more EICP treatments,which was consistent with those of visual observations.The preliminary investigations presented in this study have shown the potential of the EICP method for slope erosion control under surface runoff for earthen structures.     

球形棕囊藻对不同氮源的吸收利用机制

本文以球形棕囊藻为实验材料,从营养盐利用及生理生化角度研究了不同氮源对其生长的影响。研究结果表明:球形棕囊藻以尿素为氮源的藻密度以及叶绿素a浓度均高于以NH_4Cl或NaNO_3为氮源的藻密度以及叶绿素a浓度;硝酸盐还原酶(NR)及脲酶(urease)活性表达受培养基中氮源浓度及吸收速率调控,硝酸盐还原酶在以NaNO_3为氮源条件下活性最高,脲酶在以尿素为氮源条件下活性表达最强;通过比较不同条件下硝酸盐还原酶活性及脲酶活性,发现脲酶活性远高于硝酸盐还原酶活性,这可能是以尿素为氮源条件下球形棕囊藻藻密度更高的主要原因。研究还发现,氮饥饿状态的球形棕囊藻对NH_4~+具有很高的初始吸收速率,8h左右将NH_4~+快速吸收耗尽,在随后的实验期间保持着较低且平稳的比生长速率,可见球形棕囊藻能快速吸收氨氮并储存在细胞内,当培养液中氮源耗尽后用于维持细胞的增长。     

基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积固化土体的研究进展

诱导碳酸钙沉积的土体固化是近年来岩土工程领域新兴起的新型环保地基处理技术, 该技术利用产脲酶菌的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation,即MICP技术）或基于脲酶的酶诱导碳酸钙沉积（Enzyme Induced Carbonate Precipitation,即EICP技术）,将松散的土体颗粒胶结成为整体,达到提高土体抗剪强度的目的。与MICP技术相比,EICP技术不存在生物安全风险,无需考虑是否有氧,且可适用于更小粒径土体的处理,因此具备广阔的实际工程应用前景。文章从脲酶类型与来源、EICP固化土体处理方法及EICP固化土体强度增长等方面,对近20年基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积固化土体的研究进行了回顾与总结。     

基于生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀的土体固化研究进展

基于微生物或脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP/EICP）的土体固化技术是近年来岩土和地质工程领域的研究热点之一。在系统回顾基于生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀的土体固化技术发展历程的基础上,重点阐述了MICP/EICP固化机制、土体孔隙结构、菌液和脲酶性质、胶凝液性质和固化方式等方面对碳酸钙特性影响的研究进展。研究结果表明：土体孔隙越小,越不利于微生物或脲酶入渗,固化均匀性越差;土颗粒接触点越多,可为碳酸钙提供的沉积点位越多,碳酸钙与土颗粒间的黏结和桥接作用越强,固化效果越好;一定菌液或脲酶浓度或脲酶活性范围内,碳酸钙的生成速率和生成总量随浓度及活性的增大而增大,但过高的浓度或活性易导致碳酸钙生成速率过快,从而在土体注入端发生堵塞;低浓度胶凝液得到的碳酸钙晶体更小,在土体中的分布更均匀;采用合适的注浆饱和度可提高具有黏结作用的碳酸钙的占比;采用多层交替注入或单相低pH值注入可提高碳酸钙在试样中分布的均匀性。基于碳酸钙沉淀特性的影响因素,提高固化土体的均匀性,验证其耐久性,室内试验结果在现场尺度的适应性和改进方案应该成为以后研究的重点。