合理设计岩屑规程保证正常钻进条件——金刚石钻进技术专题之一

论述了正常钻进的条件，提出了合理岩屑规程是保证正常钻进的关键和设计钻头的主要依据之一，讨论了岩屑规程与金刚石钻头唇面工作状态、孔底表面粗糙度和岩屑粒度的关系，提出了相应的建议。     

典型喀斯特流域降水与径流特征分析及径流年际变化的影响因素贡献分解

地下水文过程是地球关键带科学研究的重要问题,在具有地表地下二元水文结构的喀斯特地区,其水文过程与其他类型区差异显著,研究黔中典型喀斯特小流域后寨河流域降水与径流特征及径流年际变化的影响因素,有助于在区域视角上了解气候变化与人类活动影响下的喀斯特流域水文特征。本文基于贵州省普定县后寨河流域出口观测站1987~2006年实测降水、地表径流、地下径流序列水文数据,分析比较了后寨河流域降水、径流的年内与年际变化特征,并采用集中度与不均匀系数两个指标分析比较了流域降水与径流的年内分配特征。采用累积距平法、年际累积量法分析了流域降水量与径流量的年际变化趋势,确定出1990年与2002年两个拐点年份,其中1990年为突变年。运用累积量斜率变化率比较法定量计算出气候变化与人类活动对径流年际变化的贡献率：以人类活动影响较小的初始阶段T₁（1987~1990年）为基准期,在不考虑潜在蒸散量的影响时,计算得到人类活动影响加剧的措施期T₂（1991~2002年）时段降水量减少对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别为39.32%、46.52%,人类活动对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别为60.68%、53.48%;如果考虑潜在蒸散量的影响,潜在蒸散量减少对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别为-14.89%、-17.61%,而人类活动对于地表、地下径流量减少的贡献率分别增至为75.57%、71.09%。可见,人类活动是后寨河流域径流量年际变化的主要驱动因素。

     

南山26米射电望远镜轨道高差测量及其对指向精度的影响

轮轨式天线的轨道作为承载整个天线重量的基础,其精度直接影响天线在方位方向运转的平稳性,引起天线轴系偏差从而影响天线的指向精度。介绍改造后的乌鲁木齐南山26 m射电望远镜(Nanshan Radio Telescope, NSRT)轨道结构以及轨道高差测量,并建立天线在不同方位、俯仰角下轨道高差引起天线指向偏差的数学模型。利用"十字扫描"法实测多颗标准源在相应位置的指向数据,并通过高斯拟合得到指向偏差。通过分析可知,轨道高差引起的指向偏差经过修正可以提高天线的指向精度。     

The influence of the depth of the ground water table on free field road traffic-induced vibrations

This paper describes the influence of seasonal variations of the ground water table on free field traffic-induced vibrations. The passage of a truck on two types of road unevenness is considered: a joint in a road pavement consisting of concrete plates and a speed bump with a sinusoidal profile. Free field vibrations are computed with a two-step solution procedure, where the computation of the vehicle axle loads is decoupled from the solution of the road–soil interaction problem. The impedance of the soil is calculated using a boundary element method, based on the Green's functions for a dry layer on top of a saturated half-space. It is demonstrated that, in the low-frequency range of interest, wave propagation in the saturated half-space can be modelled with an equivalent single phase medium as an alternative to Biot's poroelastic theory for saturated porous media. The relation between the free field velocity and the depth of the ground water table is dominated by three phenomena: (1) the compressibility of the soil decreases due to the presence of the pore water, (2) the ground water table introduces a layering of the soil which may cause resonance of the dry layer and (3) refracted P-waves in the dry layer interfere with surface waves. If the depth of the ground water table is large with respect to the wavelength of the vibrations in the soil, the response tends to the response of a dry half-space. The average free field velocity is equal to the velocity in the absence of ground water. If the depth of the ground water table is small with respect to the wavelength of the vibrations in the soil, the response tends to the response of a saturated half-space and resonance of the dry layer does not occur. The average free field velocity is smaller than the velocity in the absence of ground water. The interference of refracted P-waves and surface waves causes an additional oscillation of the response as a function of the excitation frequency and the distance between the road and the receiver. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于VC平台的高程控制网平差软件设计与实现

软件采用VC 6.0平台,基于MFC单文档工程,通过编写了闭合差计算、高程控制网间接平差与精度评定代码,实现了对原始数据的计算闭合差,间接平差与精度评定两个功能。实现数据处理软件化自动化运行,提高高程控制网数据处理和精度评定的效率,从而满足测绘专业工作人员的需要。     

近50年来赣江流域水沙年内分配变化分析

基于赣江外洲站近49年（19602008）月径流量及42年（19662007）月输沙量实测资料,采用年内分配不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度（期）、肯德尔秩次相关检验法对赣江水沙年内分配变化进行分析。结果表明:①外洲站除80和90年代输沙量呈"双峰型"分布以外,其余各年代径流量、输沙量年内分配均呈明显的"单峰型"分布,6月到达峰值。②赣江径流量和输沙量的集中度与不均匀程度变化呈逐年代递减趋势,表明径流量和输沙量年内分配都趋于均匀态势。集中度、不均匀程度逐年下降与水库兴修、水土保持、人工采砂等因素有关。③赣江外洲站汛期与非汛期径流量变化趋势平稳,输沙量呈下降趋势,汛期径流量、输沙量波动幅度明显大于非汛期。     

X辐射取样技术的研究和应用

论述了Ｘ辐射取样技术的物理基础，对Ｘ辐射取样中存在的３个关键性技术问题：不平度效应、不均匀效应和基体效应，进行了系统的分析和研究，提出了解决问题的方法技术，展示了Ｘ辐射取样技术在金、锡、铜矿种的普查、勘探和矿山开采各阶段的应用效果。     

How important are local inventive milieus: The role of birthplace,high school and university education

Using data on the entire population in combination with data on almost all individuals in Sweden listed as inventors, we study how the probability of being listed on a patent as inventor is influenced by the density of other future inventors residing in the same region. In this process, we control for demographic and sector effects along with the educational characteristics of parents. This approach allows us to trace how location history influences individuals’ inventive capacity. We focus on three types of influences: (a) future inventors in the municipality around the time of birth, (b) future inventors around the time of graduation from high school and (c) future inventors at graduation from higher education. We find suggestive evidence that co-locating with future inventors may impact the probability of becoming an inventor. The most consistent effect is found for place of higher education; some positive effects are also evident from birthplace, whereas no consistent positive effect can be derived from individuals’ high school location. Therefore, the formative influences mainly deriving from family upbringing, birth region and from local milieu effects arising from a conscious choice to attend a higher education affect the choice of becoming an inventor.     

Experimental validation of a numerical prediction model for free field traffic induced vibrations by in situ experiments

This paper deals with the validation of a numerical model for traffic induced vibrations. Road unevenness subjects the vehicle to vertical oscillations that cause dynamic axle loads, which generate waves propagating in the subsoil. A 2D vehicle model is used for the calculation of the axle loads from the longitudinal road profile. The free field soil response is calculated with the dynamic Betti–Rayleigh reciprocity theorem, using a transfer function between the road and the receiver that accounts for dynamic road–soil interaction. The validation relies on the measured response of the vehicle's axles and the soil during the passage of a truck on an artificial unevenness with speeds varying from 30 to 70 km/h. The agreement between the numerical and the experimental results is good: the influence of the vehicle speed and the distance from the road is well predicted, while the ratio of the predicted and the measured PPV is less than two.     

Analytical modelling of the shear behaviour of rock joints with progressive degradation of two-order roughness

We present an analytical model for the shear behaviour of rock joints with progressive degradation of two-order asperities including waviness and unevenness. Critical waviness and critical unevenness are used to respectively represent the mechanical involvements of waviness and unevenness during shear. The degradation process of two-order asperities are predicted by considering the stepwise relationship among dilation angle, sheared and unsheared asperity areas, and plastic tangential work. The dilation angle of each asperity decreases as plastic tangential work accumulates. The progressive degradation transiting from critical unevenness to critical waviness is realised through examining the dilation angle and the unsheared area of critical unevenness. The model's predictions are compared with the experimental data from direct shear tests on both regular- and irregular-shaped joints. Good agreement between analytical and experimental curves demonstrate the credence of the proposed model. Therefore, the model, after implemented in finite and discrete element codes, is practicable for the stability assessment of rock-engineering structures.