现场海水中有机污染物光学测量方法研究

介绍了一种用光学方法对海水中的有机污染物（主要包括：叶绿素-a、黄色物质、石油）进行测量的光学系统，该系统可同时测量海水中多种有机污染物的种类和浓度。     

Environmental Properties of Minerals and Contaminants Purified by the Mineralogical Method

The investigation of the environmental properties of minerals, i.e., environmental mineralogy, is a branch of science dealing with interactions between natural minerals and spheres of the Earth surface as well as a reflection of global change, prevention of ecological destruction, participation in biomineralogy, and remediation of environmental pollution. Pollutant treatment by natural minerals is based on the natural law and reflects natural self-purification functions in the inorganic world, similar to that of the organic world - a biological treatment. A series of case studies related to natural self-purification, which were mostly completed by our group, are discussed in this paper. In natural cryptomelane there is a larger pseudotetragonal tunnel than that formed by [MnO6] octahedral double chains, with an aperture of 0.462-0.466 nm2, filled with K cations. Cryptomelane might be a real naturally-occurring mineral of the active octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2). CrⅥ-bearing wastewater can be treate     

固体聚合膜电解浓集法测量天然水中低含量氚的化学淬灭效应研究

固体聚合膜电解浓集法是浓缩氚含量较低(1 Bq/m~3)的天然水样的常用方法,但因水样自身含有杂质离子或电解装置聚合膜带入杂质进入浓集液,使浓集液偏酸性,在测量过程中易产生化学淬灭效应,导致氚的测量值偏低。本文研究了水样自身存在的杂质离子和聚合膜上残留的杂质离子、样品溶液的pH值及其电导率所产生的化学淬灭效应的影响,实验表明,为减少化学淬灭效应,提高测量低含量氚的准确性,需保证水样溶液呈中性,电导率≤1μS/cm,同时避免杂质沉积在聚合膜上。如果水样溶液的pH值偏酸性、电导率大于1μS/cm,可采用酸碱混合型离子交换树脂去除水样中自身的杂质;对于聚合膜引入的杂质,可在电解后的水样中加入微量氨水将其pH值调节至中性。     

Hydrogen sulfide measurements in air by passive/diffusive samplers and high-frequency analyzer: A critical comparison

In this study, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) measurements in air carried out using (a) passive/diffusive samplers (Radiello^® traps) and (b) a high-frequency (60 s) real-time analyzer (Thermo^® 450i) were compared in order to evaluate advantages and limitations of the two techniques. Four different sites in urban environments (Florence, Italy) and two volcanic areas characterized by intense degassing of H₂S-rich fluids (Campi Flegrei and Vulcano Island, Italy) were selected for such measurements. The concentrations of H₂S generally varied over 5 orders of magnitude (from 10⁻¹–10³ μg/m³), the H₂S values measured with the Radiello^® traps (H₂S_R) being significantly higher than the average values measured by the Thermo^® 450i during the trap exposure (H₂S_Ta), especially when H₂S was <30 μg/m³. To test the reproducibility of the Radiello^® traps, 8 passive/diffusive samplers were contemporaneously deployed within an 0.2 m² area in an H₂S-contaminated site at Mt. Amiata (Tuscany, Italy), revealing that the precision of the H₂S_R values was ±49%. This large uncertainty, whose cause was not recognizable, is to be added to that related to the environmental conditions (wind speed and direction, humidity, temperature), which are known to strongly affect passive measurements. The Thermo^® 450i analyzer measurements highlighted the occurrence of short-term temporal variations of the H₂S concentrations, with peak values (up to 5732 μg/m³) potentially harmful to the human health. The Radiello^® traps were not able to detect such temporal variability due to their large exposure time. The disagreement between the H₂S_R and H₂S_Ta values poses severe concerns for the selection of an appropriate methodological approach aimed to provide an accurate measurement of this highly toxic air pollutant in compliance with the WHO air quality guidelines. Although passive samplers may offer the opportunity to carry out low-cost preliminary surveys, the use of the high-frequency H₂S analyzer is preferred when an accurate assessment of air quality is required. In fact, the latter provides precise real-time measurements for a reliable estimation of the effective exposure to hazardous H₂S concentrations, giving insights into the mechanisms regulating the dispersion of this air pollutant in relation to the meteorological parameters.     

典型矿区尾矿库特征污染物识别研究

通过对典型尾矿库土壤样品分析,利用重金属超标率、植物体BCF、污染因子的权重值筛选等通进行典型污染物识别,为开展尾矿库污染治理工作提供依据。     

湖南省岳家桥典型岩溶发育区电性特征及构造格架研究

为探讨湖南省益阳市岳家桥地质灾害现状,以区内典型岩溶发育区为研究对象,通过长剖面高密度电法、视电阻率联合剖面法等地球物理方法,研究了地层电性响应特点,利用钻孔数据和综合电法勘探数据建立了三维地层结构模型,揭示了典型区域近地表电性结构形态,构建了区内三维地层构造格架,圈定了岩溶发育范围,并评价了地质灾害程度。研究表明: 因地制宜地利用综合电法勘探,有助于在我国南方含水较多的岩溶发育区快速、有效地进行灾害范围的圈定和评价。     

基于监测数据的全国地下水质动态变化特征

地下水质动态变化及其趋势研判是区域水资源调配决策的重要依据.本文以全国2007～2017年国家级地下水监测网水质数据为基础,结合典型地区的代表性监测组分超标特征及动态趋势,开展了地下水质动态变化过程研究,结果表明:全国地下水监测中以Ⅳ类水质点占比最大,其次为Ⅱ类水质点;Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质点数量较少,而且占比以降低为主,Ⅳ和Ⅴ类地下水监测点逐渐增加,其中Ⅳ类水质点的比例由40.50％增加至51.45％;全国地下水质主要的超标组分为pH、总硬度、总溶解性固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、高锰酸钾指数、铁、锰、氟化物、"三氮".以华北地区、华东地区、西南地区和西北地区为代表,分析研究典型地区地下水质的动态变化过程及其影响因素,结果显示,在地下水位变化较大的地区,地下水质状况随着地下水位变化明显,在地下水位波动较小的地区,地下水质状况也基本上变化较小.研究成果对于科学评价地下水资源、合理制定区域地下水开发利用规划、防治地下水污染等具有一定的指导作用.     

酉阳河流域典型年汛期的基流分割研究

基流分割是水文学研究中的重难点问题之一,目前基流分割也存在许多方法.基于酉阳河典型年汛期实测日平均流量资料,分别采用Chapman-Maxwell改进方程数字滤波法一次滤波(参数N=1)以及二次滤波(参数N=2)、BFI(f)法、HYSEP固定步长法、HYSEP滑动步长法、HYSEP局部最小值法进行基流分割并对其结果进...