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排序方式: 共有6959条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Tomoki Oda Tomohiro Egusa Nobuhito Ohte Norifumi Hotta Nobuaki Tanaka Mark B. Green Masakazu Suzuki 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14177
Understanding changes in evapotranspiration during forest regrowth is essential to predict changes of stream runoff and recovery after forest cutting. Canopy interception (Ic) is an important component of evapotranspiration, however Ic changes and the impact on stream runoff during regrowth after cutting remains unclear due to limited observations. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Ic changes on long-term stream runoff in a regrowth Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress forest following clear-cutting. This study was conducted in two 1-ha paired headwater catchments at Fukuroyamasawa Experimental Watershed in Japan. The catchments were 100% covered by Japanese coniferous plantation forest, one of which was 100% clear-cut in 1999 when the forest was 70 years old. In the treated catchment, annual runoff increased by 301 mm/year (14% of precipitation) the year following clear-cutting, and remained 185 mm/year (7.9% of precipitation) higher in the young regrowth forest for 12–14 years compared to the estimated runoff assuming no clear-cutting. The Ic change was −358 mm/year (17% of precipitation) after cutting and was −168 mm/year (6.7% of precipitation) in the 12–14 years old regrowth forest compared to the observed Ic during the pre-cutting period. Stream runoff increased in all seasons, and the Ic change was the main fraction of evapotranspiration change in all seasons throughout the observation period. These results suggest that the change in Ic accounted for most of the runoff response following forest cutting and the subsequent runoff recovery in this coniferous forest. 相似文献
2.
Soil salinization, caused by salt migration and accumulation underneath the soil surface, will corrode structures. To analyze the moisture-salt migration and salt precipitation in soil under evaporation conditions, a mathematical model consisting of a series of theoretical equations is briefly presented. The filling effect of precipitated salts on tortuosity factor and evaporation rate are taken into account in relevant equations. Besides, a transition equation to link the solute transport equation before and after salt precipitation is proposed. Meanwhile, a new relative humidity equation deduced from Pitzer ions model is used to modify the vapor transport flux equation. The results show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the published experimental data, especially for the simulation of volume water content and evaporation rate of Toyoura sand, which confirm the reliability and applicability of the proposed model. 相似文献
3.
The Cassini spacecraft, en route to Saturn, passed close to Jupiter while the Galileo spacecraft was completing its 28th and 29th orbits of Jupiter, thus offering a unique opportunity for direct study of the solar wind-Jovian interaction. Here evidence is given of response of the Jovian magnetopause and bow shock positions to changes of the north-south component of the solar wind magnetic field, a phenomenon long known to occur in equivalent circumstances at Earth. The period analyzed starts with the passage over Cassini of an interplanetary shock far upstream of Jupiter. The shock's arrival at Galileo on the dusk-flank of the magnetosphere caused Galileo to exit into the solar wind. Using inter-spacecraft timing based on the time delay established from the shock arrival at each spacecraft, we point out that Galileo's position with respect to the Jovian bow shock appears to correlate with changes in the disturbed north-south reversing field seen behind the shock. We specifically rule out the alternative of changes in the shape of the bow shock with rotations of the interplanetary magnetic field as the cause. 相似文献
4.
T.-C. Jim Yeh 《水文研究》1992,6(4):369-395
This paper presents an introductory overview of recently developed stochastic theories for tackling spatial variability problems in predicting groundwater flow and solute transport. Advantages and limitations of the theories are discussed. Lastly, strategies based on the stochastic approaches to predict solute transport in aquifers are recommended. 相似文献
5.
A short summary of recent progress in measuring and understanding turbulence during magnetic reconnection in laboratory plasmas
is given. Magnetic reconnection is considered as a primary process to dissipate magnetic energy in laboratory and astrophysical
plasmas. A central question concerns why the observed reconnection rates are much faster than predictions made by classical
theories, such as the Sweet–Parker model based on MHD with classical Spitzer resistivity. Often, the local resistivity is
conjectured to be enhanced by turbulence to accelerate reconnection rates either in the context of the Sweet–Parker model
or by facilitating setup of the Pestchek model. Measurements at a dedicated laboratory experiment, called MRX or Magnetic
Reconnection Experiment, have indicated existence of strong electromagnetic turbulence in current sheets undergoing fast reconnection.
The origin of the turbulence has been identified as right-hand polarized whistler waves, propagating obliquely to the reconnecting
field, with a phase velocity comparable to the relative drift velocity. These waves are consistent with an obliquely propagating
electromagnetic lower-hybrid drift instability driven by drift speeds large compared to the Alfven speed in high-beta plasmas.
Interestingly, this instability may explain electromagnetic turbulence also observed in collisionless shocks, which are common
in energetic astrophysical phenomena. 相似文献
6.
滇西动态重力网的分形特征及空间分辨力 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
贾民育 《大地测量与地球动力学》1996,(4)
介绍了用分形学描述地球物理观测网非均匀分布和联合应用分形特征与Shannon定理确定最佳网格距的方法。研究了滇西动态重力网的分形特征,它的分形维Df=1.27,最佳网格距r0=28km。讨论了1986年至1994年间网区发生的8次Ms>5.0级地震前重力场变化的可信性,指出这些变化的波长均大于100km,至少2倍于网的最小空间分辨力,因而是可信的 相似文献
7.
In order to understand the process of surface erosion and acquire basic data of conditions on hillslope without vege tation, a sprinkling experiment is conducted on a bare slope in Mt. Tanakami in the central part of Japan. Based on the mea surements of runoff, mean soil erosion depth, and sediment yield, etc. , the results suggest the following characteristics in the process of surface erosion in the experimental area. (1) The occurrence of sediment discharge is interrupted; (2) Surface runoff is a saturated overland flow; (3) The mean soil erosion depth is thick compared with other areas in Mt. Tanakami;(4) Sediment discharge process is detachment- limited. 相似文献
8.
运输系统的区域效应研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运输系统改进—运距缩短—产业布局调整这一空间过程对不同的区域可能具有完全不同的意义。本文通过对一个两区域—两部门经济模型的研究得出结论:当较落后的资源产区与经济中心之间的距离由于运输系统的改进而缩短时,资源产区的经济结构向单一化转变,初级产品的生产和输出在经济建设中逐渐占主导地位,加工工业逐渐萎缩,地方经济发展受到阻碍,而且这种变化是在距离的某一特定值处突然出现的,带有跃变的性质。这一研究结果表明,对区域运输系统的任何改进措施都应该慎而行之,以免造成与本来目标相悖的区域效应。 相似文献
9.
THECONSTRUCTIONANDITSDEVELOPMENTOFTHEOVERSEASTRANSPORTSYSTEMINNORTHEASTCHINAGaoShali(高莎丽)(DepartmentofGeography,NortheastNorm... 相似文献
10.
Abstract In the Twin Lakes area, central Sierra Nevada, California, most contact metamorphosed marbles contain calcite + dolomite + forsterite ± diopside ± phlogopite ± tremolite, and most calc-silicate hornfelses contain calcite + diopside + wollastonite + quartz ± anorthite ± K-feldspar ± grossular ± titanite. Mineral-fluid equilibria involving calcite + dolomite + tremolite + diopside + forsterite in two marble samples and wollastonite + anorthite + quartz + grossular in three hornfels samples record P± 3 kbar and T± 630° C. Various isobaric univariant assemblages record CO2-H2O fluid compositions of χCO2= 0.61–0.74 in the marbles and χCO2= 0.11 in the hornfelses. Assuming a siliceous dolomitic limestone protolith consisting of dolomite + quartz ° Calcite ± K-feldspar ± muscovite ± rutile, all plausible prograde reaction pathways were deduced for marble and hornfels on isobaric T-XCO2 diagrams in the model system K2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-CO2. Progress of the prograde reactions was estimated from measured modes and mass-balance calculations. Time-integrated fluxes of reactive fluid which infiltrated samples were computed for a temperature gradient of 150 °C/km along the fluid flow path, calculated fluid compositions, and estimated reaction progress using the mass-continuity equation. Marbles and hornfelses record values in the range 0.1–3.6 × 104 cm3/cm2 and 4.8–12.9 × 104 cm3/cm2, respectively. For an estimated duration of metamorphism of 105 years, average in situ metamorphic rock permeabilities, calculated from Darcy's Law, are 0.1–8 × 10?6 D in the marbles and 10–27 × 10?6 D in the hornfelses. Reactive metamorphic fluids flowed up-temperature, and were preferentially channellized in hornfelses relative to the marbles. These results appear to give a general characterization of hydrothermal activity during contact metamorphism of small pendants and screens (dimensions ± 1 km or less) associated with emplacement of the Sierra Nevada batholith. 相似文献