Numerical modelling of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia during the Holocene

The occurrence of permafrost in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia and its dependence on past and presently ongoing climatic variations was investigated with one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical models by solving the transient heat conduction equation with latent heat effects included. The study area is characterized by discontinuous permafrost occurrences such as palsa mires and local mountain permafrost. The ground temperature changes during the Holocene were constructed using climatic proxy data. This variation was used as a forcing function at the ground surface in the calculations. Several versions of the present ground temperature were applied, resulting in different subsurface freezing–thawing conditions in the past depending on the assumed porosity and geothermal conditions.Our results suggest that in high altitude areas with a cold climate (present mean annual ground temperature between 0°C and −3°C), there may have been considerable variations in permafrost thickness (ranging from 0 to 150 m), as well as periods of no permafrost at all. The higher is the porosity of bedrock filled with ice, the stronger is the retarding effect of permafrost against climatic variations.Two-dimensional models including topographic effects with altitude-dependent ground temperatures and slope orientation and inclination dependent solar radiation were applied to a case of mountain permafrost in Ylläs, western Finnish Lapland, where bedrock permafrost is known to occur in boreholes to a depth of about 60 m. Modelling suggests complicated changes in permafrost thickness with time as well as contrasting situations on southern and northern slopes of the mountain.Extrapolating the climatic warming of the last 200 years to the end of the next century when the anticipated increase in the annual average air temperature is expected to be about 2 K indicates that the permafrost occurrences in bedrock in northern Fennoscandia would be thawing rapidly in low-porosity formations. However, already a porosity of 5% filled with ice would retard the thawing considerably.     

冻融作用对地气系统能量交换的影响分析

通过对温度波在地层内传播过程问题的分析研究, 讨论土在冻结和融化过程对地气系统能量交换的影响, 并以亚粘土为例应用近似方法计算了在冻结和融化过程地气系统能量交换和地温变化特征, 同时将相同条件下发生冻融作用与不发生冻融作用情况地气系统热交换量进行了比较. 结果表明, 冻融作用使地气系统热交换加强, 同时吸热和放热的过程也发生了改变.     

冻土路基表面的融化指数与冻结指数

在冻土层之上筑路，由于会改变地-气界面的热物理特性，进而影响冻土层的热力→动力稳定性，故而修筑一定高度的路基成为保护冻土层所采取的一种常规措施．在修筑路基之后，与路基边坡的朝向有关的热效应是冻土路基工程保护措施必须考虑的问题．在数理分析与数值模拟分析的基础上，给出了可根据气温的年最大和最小月平均值计算路基表面的融化指数与冻结指数以及有关热状况参数的方法，并以青藏铁路北麓河段2002年为例进行了计算分析．实例分析表明，即便是没有修筑道路，北麓河地区的冻土也已经处于临界状态；路基相对的两个坡面，由于朝向不同会造成温度分布的强非均匀性，其中南和偏南方向与北和偏北方向的路基坡面热状况差异最大，有必要对路基相对的两个坡面采用不同的防护措施，一方面改善就地取土修筑路基对其下伏冻土层的直接不良影响，同时也尽可能减小路基表面温度分布的非均匀性，以避免纵向裂缝的发生。     

季节性冻结滞水促滑效应——滑坡发育的一种新因素

在综合分析西北季节性冻土地区滑坡发生时间规律和危险斜坡变形动态规律的基础上，提出季节性冻融作用产生的冻结滞水效应可使斜坡区地下水富集，土体软化范围扩大瞌 水压力增大，是本区滑坡发育的一种重要外动力因素，并对其作用机理和发生条件进行了论述。     

类石材料--灰泥的冻融过程

Serious failure on the slope of rock ground can be caused by a cyclic action of freezing and thawing in the cold regions. The frost susceptibility and the effect of freezing and thawing onthe rock material, however, have not been well investigated. In order to find out the freezing effect on the rock materials, mortar specimens are frozen as a pseudo-rock material under the constant rate of freezing by means of controlling the temperature of both ends of specimen. The freezing process is given one-dimensionally to the cylindrical samples in the laboratory to simulate the in-situ freezing phenomena in the natural ground. Formation of ice lens, frost heave and water intake during freezing process are observed on the mortar specimen under constant freezing rate, which probably causes cracks or large deformation in the real rock ground. The values of the velocity of elastic wave propagation are compared before and after freezing process to estimate the degree of weathering due to freezing and thawing.     

1901—2018年三江源地区大气冻融指数变化特征

三江源地区是我国重要生态安全屏障,冻土是其高寒生态系统的重要组成部分,冻土的变化深刻影响高寒生态系统固碳及水源涵养.基于英国东英吉利大学(University of East Anglia,UEA)气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)月平均气温再分析资料,利用线性倾向法和滑动平均法并结合...     

不同荷载条件下冻土融化沉降过程试验研究

融沉是困扰多年冻土区工程建设与安全运营的关键因素之一.通过室内试验,针对两种初始干密度不同的青藏粉质黏土,在-8～24℃之间正弦波动的周期温度边界条件下,分别开展了无荷载、静荷载及动荷载作用下冻结饱和试样的融沉试验(试样的初始温度为-1℃),研究了试样内部温度、变形、孔隙水压力的时间变化过程.结果表明:温度边界相同时,...     

冻融作用与土壤理化效应的关系研究

冻融使土壤经历一系列物理、化学和生物变化过程,冻融作用对土壤的影响主要表现为:改变土壤结构、含水量分布和水热运动,影响微生物活性和以微生物为媒介的有机质矿化作用,改变土壤元素的生物地球化学循环过程,从而对土壤生态系统结构和功能产生影响。冻融作用对土壤理化性质的作用主要受冻融速率、温度、冻融交替次数和土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、土壤质地状况等因素的影响。通过冻融作用改善土壤结构,提高土壤微生物活性和养分的有效性,有利于耕作和促进植物生长,但也可通过含水量的重新分布和径流淋失而导致土壤养分损失。     

冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理

为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义.