Continuous measurement of whole‐tree water balance for studying urban tree transpiration

Street and garden trees in urban areas are often exposed to advection of strong vapour pressure deficit (VPD) air that can raise the whole‐tree transpiration rate (E_T), known as the oasis effect. However, urban trees tend to have small soil volume compared with natural conditions, and so they are believed to strongly regulate stomata. E_T characteristics of such urban trees have not been well understood because of a lack of reliable measurement methods. Therefore, we propose a novel weighing lysimeter method and investigate the whole‐tree water balance of an isolated container‐grown Zelkova serrata to examine (a) which biotic and abiotic factors determine E_T and (b) which spatial and temporal information is needed to predict E_T under urban conditions. Whole‐tree water balance and environmental conditions were measured from 2010 to 2012. Although leaf area substantially increased in the study period, daily E_T did not vary much. E_T increased with VPD almost linearly in 2010 but showed saturation in 2011 and 2012. Root water uptake lagged E_T by 40 min in 2012. These results suggest that the small planter box interfered with root growth and that hydraulic supply capacities did not increase sufficiently to support leaf area increase. From analysis of water balance, we believe that neglecting soil drought effects on street trees without irrigation in Japan will overestimate E_T over 4–5 sunny days at the longest. This is unlike previous studies of forest.     

Quantitative Analysis of Paleoatmospheric CO2 Level Based on Stomatal Characters of Fossil Ginkgo from Jurassic to Cretaceous in China

A better theoretical and practical understanding of the linkage between paleo-CO2 and climate during geological history is important to enhance the sustainable development of modern human society. Development in plant physiology since the 1980s has led to the realization that fossil plants can serve as a proxy for paleoatmosphere and paleobiosphere. As a relict gymnosperm with evolutionary stasis, Ginkgo is well suited for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper analyzes fossil Ginkgo species from integrated strata in the north of China using anatomic data of plant physiology. Using stomatal parameters, a trend for the paleo-CO2 level during the Early-Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous was obtained, which is consistent with the estimates by GEOCARB. The trend is also similar to that of Mean Global Surface Temperature in geological time. Compared with three other atmospheric CO2 concentration parameters, the trend of paleo-CO2 level based on the stomatal parameter of the fossil Ginkgo specimens from three contiguous strata is more exact.     

土壤-植物-大气连续体模型中的蒸散发计算

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)中包括一系列的水分与能量交换过程.本文侧重探讨蒸发与蒸腾的过程及其定量.主要内容包括(SPAC)综合模型;各种蒸散发参数的确定;作物蒸腾量的确定;棵间土壤表面蒸发量的确定.用实际观测资料进行验算,得出比较符合实测过程的蒸发和蒸腾计算结果.     

C3植物光合作用日变化的模拟

对前人光合作用-气孔导度耦合模型进行了修正,建立了光合作用-蒸腾作用-气孔导度的耦合模型,它概括了叶片上各主要物理过程和生理过程之间的相互联系和制约关系。 用数值方法研究了不同环境因子（太阳辐射、温度、湿度和风速等）对光合作用、蒸腾作用和气孔导度的日变化及中午降低（midday depression）的影响。 主要结果是:（1）当边界层导度减小时,光合“午睡”加剧,蒸腾作用减弱,但作为反馈调节,气孔导度增加。 （2）气孔导度的最适温度最低,光合作用次之,蒸腾作用最适温度最高。当光合作用中午受到高温的胁迫时,气孔导度下降的幅度最大,光合作用次之,蒸腾作用的降幅最小。一天中,气孔导度降低的持续时间最长,蒸腾作用降低的持续时间最短。（3）空气绝对湿度越低,气孔导度越低,光合午睡越明显。蒸腾作用则决定于饱和水汽压差(Vpd)和气孔导度两个因素的相反的作用。蒸腾作用随Vpd增加而增大,但Vpd超过一定值后,反而使蒸腾作用下降。 （4）当温度在光合最适温度以上时,太阳辐射的增加使叶温增加,引起光合“午睡”的加剧和气孔导度的降低。（5）ci/cs在中午的降低表明气孔的关闭是光合作用“午睡”现象的原因。     

古大气CO2浓度重建方法技术研究现状

温室气候引起的全球气候变暖越来越引起人们的关注,大气中不断上升的CO2浓度被认为是导致气候变暖的主要因素.地史时期大气CO2浓度变化与温室气候可能存在类似的关系,可提供参考,因而古大气CO2浓度重建是首要任务.总结近年来古大气CO2浓度重建的进展,重点介绍GEOCARB模型模拟、植物叶片气孔参数和同位素指针的方法和技术.GEOCARB模型是反映全球古大气CO2浓度长期变化的碳相关模型;气孔参数方法是使用气孔比例来估计古大气CO2浓度;同位素指针包括成壤碳酸盐、浮游植物有机质生物标记物、钙质浮游有孔虫、古苔藓植物等,其中成壤碳酸盐碳同位素方法使用最为广泛.国内只是在叶片参数研究方面有一些进展,古大气CO2浓度重建工作任重而道远.     

沙冬青对土壤水分变化的生理响应

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim))是生长在沙漠地区及干旱荒漠区的常绿灌木,在干旱环境条件下形成了独特的生物学特性与生理生态适应性。研究结果表明,灌水前后沙冬青的光合作用和蒸腾作用变化很大。在土壤干旱时,其光合速率变化的日平均值仅为2.14μmol·m^-2·s^-1,其最大值仅为3.5μmol·m^-2·s^-1;此时叶片蒸腾速率变化的日平均值为7.03mmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为10.5mmol·m^-2·s^-1。而在土壤水分充足时,其光合强度和蒸腾强度明显提高,叶片光合速率的日平均值为5.97μmol·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为8.5μmol·m^-2·s^-1,均为干旱时的2倍以上;此时叶片蒸腾速率的日平均值为23.5mmol·m^-2·s^-1,最高值达30.1mmol·m^-2·s^-1,均为干旱时的3倍左右。分析沙冬青叶片气孔的调节作用与叶片的光合作用和蒸腾作用的关系可知,其气孔活动与蒸腾作用保持较为密切的相关关系,而其光合作用虽然也受气孔活动的影响,更主要是与其自身的生理生化特性有关。     

冬小麦冬季灌水适应性温度指标研究

通过2011-2013年2个越冬期的盆栽试验,利用高低温(交变)湿热试验箱研究了不同最低温度下(-9℃、-6℃、-3℃和0℃)冬灌对冬小麦叶片理化性质、产量构成要素及产量的影响。结果表明,与最低温度为0℃的处理相比,在最低温度为-9℃和-6℃的处理造成了冬小麦叶绿素含量和气孔导度的大幅下降,可溶性糖含量大幅升高,差异均达显著(p0.01),灌水处理并没有带来明显的改善;而最低温度为-3℃时,叶绿素和可溶性糖含量总体上无明显差别,气孔导度则有一定程度的降低,差异显著(p0.05),冬灌导致其叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量分别有不同程度的升高和降低,具有明显的正效应。最低温度为0℃的处理,冬灌对冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量及气孔导度等影响均有明显的正效应。从产量及其构成要素上看,-6℃与-9℃条件下,冬灌致使单株小穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重下降;-3℃和0℃条件下,冬灌提高了单株穗粒数和穗粒重。综上所述,最低温度在-6℃及以下不适合进行冬灌,而最低温度在-3℃及以上则适合。     

黄土高原苹果树叶片气孔导度的环境响应与模拟

气孔导度(g_s)是衡量植物与外界环境中水、CO₂等物质交换速率的重要参数,其观测与模拟可以有效指示物质交换情况及各项生理参数。通过LI-6400便携式光合测定仪对黄土高原苹果树叶片各项生理参数进行观测,分析g_s日变化特征及其与环境因子的响应关系,运用Jarvis模型和Ball-Woodrow-Berry(BWB)模型对g_s进行模拟。研究结果显示:(1)黄土高原苹果树g_s日变化在气温较高、辐射较强的8、9月观测日内呈双峰曲线。上午(8:00—12:00)随着太阳辐射逐渐增强,气孔张开,g_s在11:00—13:00出现第一次峰值;中午(12:00—14:00)由于气温(Ta)升高,为避免细胞散失过多水分,气孔关闭出现短暂的“光合午休”现象;午后(14:00—18:00),随着Ta、光合有效辐射(PAR)下降,g_s逐渐增加并在15:00—17:00出现第二次峰值。(2)通过灰色关联度分析,发现g_s与各环境因子的关联程度依次为:PAR(0.731)>CO₂浓度(C_a,0.712)>饱和水汽压差(VPD,0.702)>T_a(0.689)>相对湿度(hs,0.673)。g_s与各环境因子的响应关系表现为:随PAR、T_a、C_a、h_s的增大而增大,随VPD的增大而减小。(3)从g_s的模拟结果可以看出,Jarvis模型的决定系数(0.678)、修正效率系数(0.335)和修正一致系数(0.803)均优于BWB模型各值(0.329、-1.630、0.138),而平均绝对误差(0.103)小于BWB模型(0.143),表明Jarvis模型模拟效果较好。通过对黄土高原苹果树叶片g_s环境响应与模拟的分析研究,对于掌握苹果树叶片一天内不同时刻对水分的需求变化,进一步提高该地区苹果树种植的水资源利用效率具有重要意义。     

Photosynthetic responses of Larrea tridentata to a step-increase in atmospheric CO2at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility

Of all terrestrial ecosystems, the productivity of deserts has been suggested to be the most responsive to increasing atmospheric CO₂. The extent to which this prediction holds will depend in part on plant responses to elevated CO₂under the highly variable conditions characteristic of arid regions. The photosynthetic responses ofLarrea tridentata , an evergreen shrub, to a step-increase in atmospheric CO₂(to 550 μmolmol⁻¹) were examined in the field using Free-Air CO₂Enrichment (FACE) under seasonally varying moisture conditions. Elevated CO₂substantially increased net assimilation rate (A_net) in Larrea during both moist and dry periods of the potential growing season, while stomatal conductance (g_s) did not differ between elevated and ambient CO₂treatments. Seasonal and diurnal gas exchange dynamics in elevated CO₂mirrored patterns in ambient CO₂, indicating that elevated CO₂did not extend photosynthetic activity longer into the dry season or during more stressful times of the day. Net assimilation vs. internal CO₂(A/C_i) responses showed no evidence of photosynthetic down-regulation during the dry season. In contrast, after significant autumn rains, A_max(the CO₂saturated rate of photosynthesis) and CE (carboxylation efficiency) were lower in Larrea under elevated CO₂. In situ chlorophyll fluorescence estimation ofLarrea Photosystem II efficiency (F_v/F_m) responded more to water limitation than to elevated CO₂. These findings suggest that predictions regarding desert plant responses to elevated CO₂should account for seasonal patterns of photosynthetic regulatory responses, which may vary across species and plant functional types.     

Temporal and spatial variations of canopy temperature over a C3?C4 mixture grassland

This study discusses the photosynthetic pathway types involved in canopy temperature measurements on a mixed grassland consisting of C₃ and C₄ plants (dominant species in biomass were Solidago altissima (C₃), Miscanthus sinensis (C₄), and Imperata cylindrica (C₄)). In the wet conditions immediately after the rainy season, the mean canopy temperature for S. altissima was the lowest among the dominant species, mainly due to its leaf conductance being twice as large as the other two species. Despite using the same C₄ photosynthetic pathway, M. sinensis had a lower apparent canopy temperature than I. cylindrica due to a smaller proportion of sunlit elements in the field of view. In the dry conditions during late July, the mean canopy temperatures of the three dominant species were within 0·3 °C of one another. These results can be explained by poor water conditions for C₃ species (S. altissima). The simultaneous survey of vegetation and thermal imaging can help clarify characteristics of C₃ and C₄ canopy temperature over complicated grassland. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.