挤扩支盘桩极限承载力的预测

用双曲线方法对110根挤扩支盘桩的极限承载力进行预测,并与直杆桩预测结果进行对比。结果表明由于支盘桩受力性状复杂,加载前期和中期预测精度较高,后期较低,误差超过15%;支盘桩的沉降曲线出现台阶时预测值与实测值误差较大;支盘桩极限承载力的预测精度与工程地质条件和桩本身的参数密切相关,桩身参数和地质条件相同条件下各桩预测精度比较接近。总体上直杆桩的预测结果优于支盘桩。     

Evaluating soil moisture estimation from ground-penetrating radar hyperbola fitting with respect to a systematic time-domain reflectometry data collection in a boreal podzolic agricultural field

The upper 30 cm of the soil profile, which hosts the majority of the root biomass, can be considered as the shallow agricultural root zone of most temperate crops. The electromagnetic wave velocity in the soil obtained from reflection hyperbolas in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can be used to estimate soil moisture (SM). Finding shallow hyperbolas in a radargram and minimizing the subjective error associated with the hyperbola fitting are the main challenges in this approach. Nevertheless, we were motivated by the recent improvements of hyperbola fitting algorithms, which can reduce the subjective error and processing time. To overcome the difficulty of finding very shallow hyperbolas, we applied the hyperbola fitting method to reflections ranging from 27- to 50-cm depth using a 500-MHz centre-frequency GPR and compared the estimated moisture with vertically installed, 30-cm-long time-domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. We also compared TDR and GPR sample areas in a 2-D plane using different GPR survey types and different hyperbola depths. SM measured with TDR and GPR were not significantly different according to Mann–Whitney's test. Our analyses showed that a root mean square error of 0.03 m³ m⁻³ was found between the two methods. In conclusion, the proposed method might be suitable to estimate SM with an acceptable accuracy within the root zone if the soil profile is fairly uniform within the application depth range.     

新疆地区年平均风速数据非均一影响研究

利用惩罚最大F检验(The Penized Maximal F Test,PMFT),对新疆地区105个国家级气象站点建站至2014年逐年平均风速资料进行了均一性检验,并通过订正得出新疆地区年平均风速均一化数据集合;通过对订正后数据与原始数据进行对比评估,讨论数据非均一性对新疆风速的影响,研究结论得出:(1)在95%的显著性水平下,检验出所有待检站点均出现非均一间断点,共计151个;(2)元数据中记录的人为影响因素,超过1/3对年平均风速序列产生了非均一影响,其中仪器换型对年平均风速序列影响最为显著,其次为环境变化;(3)仪器换型和站址迁移对年平均风速的非均一影响与台站风力大小成正比,其它人为因素对年平均风速的影响与台站风力大小成反比;(4)订正后,数据时间序列的均一性得到改善,数据序列明显的趋势拐点趋于缓和,下降趋势普遍增强,数据可用性进一步改善。     

江西省山地风场风速订正方法研究

利用气象站、探空及NASA再分析资料,对江西省4县山地风场的12座测风塔风速进行订正研究。研究结果表明:测风塔与气象站风速数据相关性较低,相关系数一般远小于0.45;测风塔与探空资料的风速相关系数可达到0.6以上,最高可达到0.8;NASA再分析资料可以作为江西山地风场风速订正参证数据,其与测风塔风速数据相关性较高,相关系数可达到0.54～0.77,大多数测风塔相关系数可达0.7左右。海拔高度小于1000 m的测风塔与NASA 50 m风速的相关系数明显高于其与NASA 850 hPa风速的相关系数,高度为1000—1200 m的测风塔与NASA 50 m风速和与NASA 850 hPa风速的相关系数相差不明显,高度大于1200 m的测风塔与NASA 850 hPa风速的相关系数明显大于其与NASA 50 m风速的相关系数。比值法订正效果略好于线性回归法的,订正后的风功率密度总体偏大。     

Assessment of point and nonpoint sources pollution in Songhua River Basin,Northeast China by using revised water quality model

Individual participation of pollutants in the pollution load should be estimated even if roughly for the appropriate environmental management of a river basin. It is difficult to identify the sources and to quantify the load, especially in modeling nonpoint source. In this study a revised model was established by integrating point and nonpoint sources into one-dimensional Streeter-Phelps (S-P) model on the basis of real-time hydrologic data and surface water quality monitoring data in the Jilin Reach of the Songhua River Basin. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH_3-N) loads were estimated. Results showed that COD loads of point source and nonpoint source were 134 958 t/yr and 86 209 t/yr, accounting for 61.02% and 38.98% of total loads, respectively. NH_3-N loads of point source and nonpoint source were 16 739 t/yr and 14 272 t/yr, accounting for 53.98% and 46.02%, respectively. Point source pollution was stronger than nonpoint source pollution in the study area at present. The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream of the rivers and cities. It is indispensable to treat industrial wastewater and municipal sewage out of point sources, to adopt the best management practices to control diffuse pollutants from agricultural land and urban surface runoff in improving water quality of the Songhua River Basin. The revised S-P model can be successfully used to identify pollution source and quantify point source and nonpoint source loads by calibrating and validating.     

差分GPS水下立体定位系统

差分GPS水下立体定位系统包括GPS差分基准站、GPS浮标、水下收发机、船基控制中心四部分。差分基准站提供GPS差分改正,实现浮标内置GPS高精度实时定位。GPS浮标完成水上和水下的集成,检测水下收发机发射的定位信号并测量信号到达的时间,同时将各种数据发送到船基控制中心。船基控制中心接收各个浮标的数据后实时解算水下收发机的位置,同时将结果发送给水下收发机。本文首先对系统的总体构成和各个部分的功能进行了介绍,然后详细推导了系统定位算法,最后结合系统试验情况给出了系统试验精度统计结果。     

中国地层学史上的“历史优先律事件”和“优先律双重标准事件”

近10年内,中国地层学史上发生过两件大事:一是“历史优先律事件”,表现为全国地层委员会具体组织并由其副主任程裕淇主编的《中国地层典》,对优先权法则不执行以出版为基础的“出版优先律”而执行不论发表与否仅以“尊重原始命名者”为基础的“历史优先律”;二是“优先律双重标准事件”,在全国地层委员会颁布的《中国地层指南》(修订版)内对优先律搞双重标准。这两个事件均表现对“优先权法则”国际共识内涵的偏离,偏离了以出版为基础的“出版优先律”。尤其不应该的是,当人们对“历史优先律”提出异议后,全国地层委员会不但不及时纠正“历史优先律”的片面观点,相反地却在修订中国地层命名法时,为了给“历史优先律”合法化创造条件,竟然在《中国地层指南》(修订版)内,对优先权搞双重标准。“历史优先律事件”和“优先律双重标准事件”破坏了地层命名法的标准性,颠倒了中国地层命名史,干扰了中国地层名称的管理,是全国地层委员会的失误。     

酸雨观测异常数据的试验分析和处理方法

本文就酸雨观测仪器在测量操作中出现的异常状态进行了试验和分析,且对校错电极常数、测温系统故障、"后测K值"3种异常状态, 结合酸雨观测业务实践进行了试验、分析和讨论。推导出校错电极常数的电导率订正公式;制定了仪器测温系统故障的应急观测方案;指出"后测K值"会导致数据严重失真, 测量中必须严格遵循 "先测K值"规程;并建议在《酸雨观测业务规范》修订时, 增加本文有关的分析和处理方法。     

全国七大流域水文设计成果修订中若干关键技术问题探讨

为准确反映目前流域径流、洪水的实际情况,水利部组织完成了七大流域的水文设计成果修订工作。介绍了七大流域水文设计成果修订概况,总结分析了径流和洪水系列一致性处理、设计水文成果计算方法、成果合理性分析、修订成果应用等若干关键问题。重点阐述了洪水和径流系列的还原计算和考虑下垫面变化条件下的一致性修订问题,并对下一步修订成果的应用和研究重点提出了建议。