高坝泄流雾化环境污染原体观测研究

高水头大流量的泄水建筑物泄流时产生严重泄流雾化对工程和环境造成污染,是必须考虑的重要问题。介绍了泄流雾化观测的新技术及其原理,包括:用立体摄影测量方法观测雾化流运动扩散的形态范围;用放射性同位素测量典型区域内泄流雾化浓度,并配合以雨量简测量典型范围内泄流雾化降雨强度等。并以漫湾水电站原体观测为实例,介绍了实施方法和效果。     

胰岛素与受体结合的放射性同位素实验

胰岛素是调节细胞代谢和生长的重要激素。本文放射性同位素实验测定。进一步说明了脉冲电场对胰岛素与其受体结合的影响,经电场处理过的胰岛素与受体结合的能力虽然降低,但电场刺激后细胞,其膜上受体与胰岛素结合的常数增大。     

Accumulation of sediments,trace metals (Pb,Cu) and total hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island

The accumulation of sediments, trace metals and hydrocarbons has been estimated from the analysis of the sediment from six coring sites in Narragansett Bay. Radionuclides (²³⁴Th_xs, ²¹⁰Pb_xs, ^239,240Pu) with known input functions and trace metals (Cu, Pb) were used. We estimate that 6·9 × 10⁴ tons of sediments, 51–90 tons of Pb, 72–100 tons of Cu and 400–1000 tons of total hydrocarbons accumulate annually under present conditions in the bay. This represents 64–117% (Pb), 89–123% (Cu) and 23–58% (hydrocarbons), respectively, of present day inputs to the bay. Furthermore, close to 100% of the particle-reactive radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb and ^239,240Pu accumulate in the bay. Present day inputs to the bay were calculated independently as 77–80 tons Pb and 81 tons of Cu. Sewage effluents were the dominant source of Cu, whereas atmospheric deposition and urban runoff were most important for Pb. Dredging activities by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1946 and 1971 removed more sediments from the bay than would have accumulated during the same time in the undredged areas of the bay. Copper smelting and coal mining on the shores of the upper bay during 1866–1880 left an imprint in the sediments which is still evident. Model derived accumulation rates of Pb, Cu and coal during that time were 3–4 times present-day inputs.     

加速器质谱分析超痕量铍同位素研究深海沉积物沉积速率和多金属结核生长速率

用加速器质谱测定１０Ｂｅ同位素，研究深海沉积物和多金属结核中１０Ｂｅ同位素的含量分布，获得相关的地质年代、沉积速率和生长速率。     

Problems of core correlation,sediment source ascription and yield estimation in Ponsonby Tarn,West Cumbria,UK

A suite of 27 short cores, 10 of which have been used for magnetic measurements and four for radiometric dating, provides a framework for reconstructing the processes, patterns and rates of sedimentation in Ponsonby Tarn, a small artificial impoundment created towards the end of the 19th century, close to the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in NW England. Spatial and temporal changes in sedimentation are reconstructed and evidence presented for non-synchroneity in magnetic property changes from core to core in the upper part of the sequence, as a result of sorting and selective deposition at different distances from the inflow to the Tarn. Magnetic measurements alone are therefore not a secure basis upon which to quantify sediment yield for defined time intervals at this site. The chronology, established mainly from ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁴Cs analyses, allows estimates of mean sediment yield per annum for four periods: prior to AD 1940, 1940–1964, 1964–1986 and 1986–1991. The rates of sediment accumulation have increased in recent times, especially since 1964, with evidence for input from both magnetically enhanced soils and gleyed alluvial and/or podsolized subsoil sources. Pre-1940 mean annual deposition within the present area of the lake is calculated as 19·5 t a⁻¹ and for the period since 1986 (the period of maximum sedimentation rates), as 111·3 t a⁻¹. These represent yields of 7·0 t km⁻² a⁻¹ and 39·8 t km⁻² a⁻¹, respectively, for the catchment as a whole. Rock magnetic evidence, based on measurements of both bulk samples and the finest particle size separates, suggests that bacterial magnetite, formed within the lake, contributes to the magnetic properties of the sediments, thus modifying the signatures relating to allochthonous sediment input. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

放射性同位素^32Si及其研究进展

放射性同位素＾３２Ｓｉ的半衰期介于常用的环境同位素＾３Ｈ和＾１４Ｃ之间，能测定５０￣１０００ａ之间水的年龄，是一个其它同位素所不能替代的测年工具，本文介绍了＾３２Ｓｉ的起源、在水圈各部分的分布规律，影响因素、测试方法及其在海洋学、冰川学和水文地质学方面的应用研究。     

诸广山中段“三九”地区铀矿放射性同位素特征及找矿潜力

“三九”地区位于诸广山复式岩体中段,隶属华南花岗岩型铀矿富集区。放射性同位素及其比值是反映铀成矿信息的重要参数,可直接反映浅部到深部的铀、镭富集的地球化学特征及其迁移规律。本文重点探讨“三九”地区不同地段、不同含量、不同埋深和不同矿体部位的²³⁸U、²³⁴U、²²⁶Ra、²³⁰Th和²³¹Pa同位素特征及其比值,分析铀、镭迁移富集规律。结果表明：“三九”地区铀矿体由近地表至深部铀镭平衡系数具有高-低-高变化特征;U元素的相对富集、Th元素相对减低及其U/Th比值的急剧升高等特征,与U、Th丰度区间具有明显分带特征关系密切;当地表有矿化或异常显示且浅、深部有工业矿时,其同位素组成具有铀、镭同时迁出,且铀大量迁出特征;当地表无异常显示时,其同位素组成具有铀大量迁出、镭明显迁入特征。大于1的²³⁴U/²³⁸U比值可有效指示找铀矿化。综上,利用放射性同位素及其比值法在“三九”地区预测深部铀成矿有利地段,取得较好应用效果,其中九龙江、石壁窝和木...     

砂岩铀矿体定位条件的铀、钍含量及其放射性同位素研究

以512矿床为例,研究了砂岩铀矿体铀、钍含量及其放射性同位素分布规律,由此讨论铀矿体的定位条件。结果表明:①在整个层间氧化带中岩石的钍含量变化不大,表现出钍化学性质的不易被淋洗、迁移、富集的惰性特征;②铀含量从强氧化带到弱氧化带直至矿化带逐渐升高,由矿化带到还原带逐渐降低,铀含量分带性反映了氧化环境铀溶解迁移、还原环境水解沉淀的过程;③铀含量大于100μg/g是砂岩铀矿体的定位条件;④放射性同位素比值作为铀矿体定位条件因矿体所处时期不同而不同;后期矿体放射性同位素定位条件为1≤234U/238U≤2,0≤230Th/238U≤0·2,234U/230Th>1;前期铀矿体放射性同位素定位的标准为0·75≤234U/238U≤1,0·5≤230Th/238U≤1。     

Sea-bed Mixing and Particle Residence Times in Biologically and Physically Dominated Estuarine Systems: a Comparison of Lower Chesapeake Bay and the York River Subestuary

Biologically dominated lower Chesapeake Bay and the physically dominated York River subestuary are contrasted in terms of the dynamics of sediment mixing, strata formation and sea-bed particle residence times. Two lower bay sites were examined; both are located within the bay stem plains and are characterized by muddy sand and an abundance of large, deep-dwelling organisms. X-radiographs indicate extensive biological reworking of sediments, with no long-term preservation of physical stratification.²¹⁰Pb profiles reveal low sediment accumulation rates at both lower bay sites (<0·1 cm year⁻¹), but significant differences in biological mixing depths (25vs40 cm) and biodiffusivity (>80vs6–30 cm²year⁻¹). In contrast, the York River site, located within a partially-filled palaeochannel, is predominantly mud with a depauperate benthic community dominated by small, short-lived, shallow-dwelling organisms. Although²¹⁰Pb accumulation rates at the York River site (<0·2 cm year⁻¹) are similar to those measured in the lower bay, there is little bioturbation. In addition, transient bed forms at the York River site form laterally persistent, linear ridges and furrows sub-parallel to the channel, spaced 10–20 m apart. These observations, coupled with evidence of episodic erosion and deposition from radioisotope and porosity profiles, and X-radiographs, suggest that the upper 60–120 cm of the sea-bed are dominated by physical mixing. Deep mixing and low accumulation rates result in long residence times of particles in the mixed upper portion of the sea-bed (10²year) at both locations, despite different mixing controls [i.e. biological (diffusive)vsphysical (advective)].     

Study of the sedimentation and self-weight consolidation behavior of seafloor sediments using a radioisotope densitometer

ABSTRACT

In this study, settling tests were conducted to investigate the sedimentation and self-weight consolidation behavior of seafloor sediments from Isahaya Bay, Ariake Sea, Japan. During the tests, the density variations with depth and time were measured by a gamma-ray transmission radioisotope densitometer. The test results show that the settling process of the seafloor sediments can be classified into the flocculation stage, settling stage, and consolidation stage. The settling rate of the seafloor sediments in the settling stage is dependent on the temperature and initial water content, while the settling rate in the consolidation stage is independent of the temperature and initial water content. The density profile changes from a constant density profile to a linear density profile when the sedimentation process transitions to the self-weight consolidation process. The relations between the void ratio (e) and effective vertical stress (p’) at very low pressures can be calculated from the measured density values, and this can be used for the analysis of the self-weight consolidation of seafloor sediments. For the seafloor sediments tested in this study, the undrained shear strength (s_u) values are almost the same when the density values are less than 1.14?g/cm³, and the s_u values increase linearly with an increase in density when the density values are in the range of 1.14–1.2?g/cm^3.