A high resolution,multiproxy Late‐glacial record of climate change and intrasystem responses in northwest England

A lacustrine carbonate sequence from Hawes Water, Lancashire, UK, has been studied using stable isotopic, lithological, pollen and mineral magnetic analysis. The data reveal four abrupt climatic oscillations in the Late‐glacial Interstadial leading up to the onset of the Loch Lomond Stadial. The data also point to climatic warming relatively early within the stadial, ca. 12 500 GRIP yr, prior to the onset of the Holocene. The oxygen isotope record is taken as a signature of climate forcing against which the response of the lake‐system can be monitored. By adopting this approach it is revealed that the response of the biological system to the rapid climatic oscillations is non‐linear and primarily a function of the antecedent conditions. A significant end‐Devensian isotopic excursion (A) is matched by only minor changes in the cold‐adapted floras and faunas. During the warmer interstadial, the response of the biological ecosystem (events B–D) is clearly influenced by thresholds: major changes in the catchment vegetation associated with relatively minor oscillations in the isotopic signature. The stratigraphical patterns reveal significant lag effects between the onset of climate deterioration and resulting changes in vegetation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high‐resolution pollen and geochemical analysis of late Holocene human impact and vegetation history in southern Cumbria,England

The historic era, which in Cumbria begins with the Roman invasion of AD 71, is a frequently neglected period in palaeoecological research, but its study can bring benefits in improving knowledge of landscape history and in understanding the significance and limitations of palaeoecological records. Pollen and geochemical data are presented for late Holocene records from Deer Dyke and Hulleter Mosses in southern Cumbria. The records show initially low levels of anthropogenic impact, followed by a phase of forest clearance and mixed agriculture from the 7th to 11th centuries AD. The timing of these clearances suggests that they were initially Anglo‐Saxon in origin, rather than Norse. Further clearances in the 16th century AD are interpreted as a response to monastic dissolution and late Tudor population pressures; the landscapes reached their contemporary form following extensive clearances in the 17th century AD. Silicon and titanium concentrations at Deer Dyke Moss were used to reconstruct past levels of atmospheric dust loading, which is broadly related to soil erosion. Geochemical influx was found to peak during periods of landscape transition rather than from established land use. This relationship with pollen data is thought to reflect the predominantly low levels of anthropogenic impact in the region, which changes as substantial woodland clearances during the 16th century AD and continuous land use pressure since then have greatly increased the supply of airborne dust. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽宁阜新盆地油气勘探方向

阜新盆地经历了近30年的油气勘探活动,一直没有重大油气发现.为了进一步评价该区的资源潜力,探索新的勘探思路,通过油气地质条件综合研究和油气成藏主控因素分析,认为阜新盆地具备常规油气和非常规油气成藏的基本条件,提出主要勘探层系为九佛堂组、沙海组和阜新组.根据九佛堂组、沙海组和阜新组烃源岩条件的差异,指出九佛堂组上段和沙海组下段为常规油气勘探目的层;沙海组上段为页岩气勘探目的层;阜新组为煤层气勘探目的层.油气成藏条件分析结果表明,阜新盆地油气成藏主控因素为保存条件和储集条件,构造油气藏不应做为勘探选区的重点,寻找近洼陷的构造-岩性、岩性油气藏是本区油气勘探的方向.     

黄土高原表土花粉与植被覆盖度定量模型的建立及应用

黄土高原是一个气候变化敏感区,亦是一个生态环境脆弱区,更是我国人口-资源-环境矛盾最为集中的区域之一。因此,构建适合于黄土高原表土花粉与植被覆盖度定量模型对了解过去植被覆盖度的演变以及人与环境之间的关系具有重要意义。本工作基于黄土高原443个表土花粉数据和2000~2015年的归一化植被指数（NDVI）,采用逐步回归法（Stepwise）、增长回归树法（BRT）、局部加权加权平均法（LWWA）、加权平均偏最小二乘法（WA-PLS）和最佳类比法（MAT）,结合植被覆盖度（FVC）和年均降水量（MAP）、年均气温（Tann）、1月月均温（T1）、7月月均温（T7）、有效湿度（MAP/ET0）这5个气象要素数据,构建表土花粉与植被覆盖度定量模型;通过普通检验、留一交叉检验（LOO）、自助法检验（Bootstrap）和检验空间自相关性的h-block检验方法对定量模型进行检验,进而筛选出最优模型;最后,利用31个全新世地层花粉数据重建黄土高原过去植被覆盖度,探讨其变化特征。结果表明：1）FVC、MAP、T1、T7和MAP/ET0是黄土高原环境变化的5个重要因子,其中,FVC的第一排序轴特征值/第二排序轴特征值（λ1/λ2）最大（0.47）,单一解释变量最高（8.75）,其与花粉组合的相关性最强（0.66）,可用于构建表土花粉与植被覆盖度定量模型;2）采用Stepwise、BRT、LWWA、WA-PLS和MAT这5种方法分别建立表土花粉-植被覆盖度定量模型,根据观测值与预测值的决定系数（R²）、最大偏差（Max.bias）和预测均方根误差（REMSP）评估构建的模型,结果显示BRT模型表现更优,可用于黄土高原过去植被覆盖度的定量重建;3）全新世FVC重建结果显示,早、中全新世黄土高原FVC较高,其中7.0 cal.ka B.P.时达到峰值（平均值为0.68）;但自4.0 cal.ka B.P.开始,植被覆盖度下降,特别是3.0~2.0 cal.ka B.P.下降明显,平均值低于0.30。通过与研究区内其他气候指标和人类活动强度指标的对比,认为早、中全新世黄土高原植被覆盖度的变化主要受自然气候变化的影响,而晚全新世以来FVC的减少可能更多地与人类活动强度增加有关。

     

新疆地区表土孢粉空间分布规律研究

中国新疆地区表土花粉研究结果展示了干旱区主要孢粉的空间分布规律,大部分表土花粉属种的地理空间分布与含量与相应植物的分布区域基本一致,藜科、蒿属、麻黄属及木本植物云杉属、桦木属等花粉普遍呈超代表性,柽柳属花粉呈低代表性。干旱区主要草灌木表土花粉数据的聚类分析结果可以基本反映本区植物群落的主要生态组合类型。主成分分析进一步表明该区草本和灌木花粉分布主要受水文和湿度等因素控制。     

太白山北坡花粉通量与表土花粉研究

太白山北坡各森林植被带乔木花粉百分比多高于45%,与植被组成类似。高山草甸带捕捉器样品乔木花粉百分比低于15%,与植被组成一致,但表土花粉组合中乔木花粉百分比高于50%,外来花粉数量较多,进行高山带古环境研究应予注意。太白红杉林花粉通量最低,高山灌丛草甸最高。落叶栎林带表土花粉浓度最低,红桦林带最高。表土中松、冷杉属花粉百分比远高于花粉捕捉器,表明其在表土中有较好的保存能力。落叶松属和杜鹃花科花粉在表土及捕捉器中百分比均较低,表明对植被指示性良好。栎属与桦属花粉通量类似,但桦属花粉浓度大于栎属,表明栎属较桦属易于保存。     

Pollen morphology of selected tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-(A)lesund, Svalbard

Documenting morphological features of modem pollen is fundamental for the identification of fossil pollen, which will assist researchers to reconstruct the vegetation and climate of a particular geologic period. This paper presents the pollen morphol- ogy of 20 species of tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The plants used in this study belong to 12 families： Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Juncaceae, Papav- eraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Pollen grain shapes included： spher- oidal, subprolate, and prolate. Variable apertural patterns ranged from 2-syncolpate, 3-colpate, 3-（-4）-colpate, 3-（-5）-colpate, 3-colporate, 5-poroid, ulcerate, ulcus to pantoporate. Exine ornamentations comprised psilate, striate-perforate, reticulate, mi- croechinate, microechinate-perforate, scabrate, granulate, and granulate-perforate. This study provided a useful reference for com- parative studies of fossil pollen and for the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in Svalbard region of Arctic.     

藏嵩草高寒湿地中孢粉记录的古植被与古环境状况

高寒沼泽湿地是青藏高原重要的水源涵养地,其沉积物是研究过去环境变化的重要载体.在三江源区果洛州（GLS）和青海湖北岸（QHHS）选取典型高寒沼泽湿地作为研究样地,调查其植被群落特征,并根据湿地沉积剖面的光释光年代和孢粉数据,分析湿地的古植被和古环境状况.结果表明：优势种（藏嵩草）在三江源区湿地群落和青海湖流域湿地群落中所占的优势度分别是24.43和14.74;从土壤孢粉信息表现出两个沼泽湿地自发育以来植被优势种以莎草科为主. GLS剖面显示,0～50 cm深和80～140 cm深的孢粉浓度显著高于50～80 cm深处的浓度;20 cm以下的沉积物中,花粉浓度与有机质含量呈正相关趋势,与δ13C呈负相关趋势.高寒沼泽湿地中,孢粉数据能较好地反映植物群落中莎草科的优势地位,与现生植物群落具有较好的一致性.     

潮滩沉积记录正演模拟初探*

以江苏中部海岸潮滩沉积为原型,提出了获取潮滩沉积记录中沉积层保存潜力信息的正演模拟方法。模拟结果显示,在沉积物供应恒定的条件下,随着潮滩的不断淤长,岸线淤进速率逐渐减小,潮滩滩面的沉积速率逐渐降低,而潮滩层序中的泥质沉积的厚度向海逐渐增厚。沉积层保存潜力的计算结果显示,潮滩上保存潜力在高潮位附近和潮下带的较低部位为最高,可达80 ％ 以上,潮间带下部存在着低值区,保存潜力低于20 ％ ,与前人在潮间带进行的现场观测结果相近。对研究方法经进一步细化(如考虑滩面坡度和粒度分布变化、波浪和风暴潮作用、潮沟摆动等因素),并与反演方法相结合,可望更好地解释沉积记录中的环境演化信息。     

坝上草原相关花粉源范围与相对花粉产量估算

基于坝上草原地区30个采样点表土花粉分析和植被调查的研究结果显示, 花粉组合以蒿属、藜科、禾本科、菊科和莎草科等草本植物为主, 基本能够反映草原植被特征, 但花粉百分比与其在植被中盖度差异明显。运用Extended R-Value(ERV)模型估算的坝上草原区相关花粉源范围大致为2100m, 当风速大于3.5m/s时, 基本稳定, 受风速影响不大。估算的相对花粉产量结果显示, 蒿属和藜科的相对花粉产量最高, 为禾本科的20倍左右; 其次为莎草科和菊科, 为禾本科的7~9倍; 百合科略高于禾本科; 旋花科、豆科、唇形科及委陵菜属的相对花粉产量则明显低于禾本科。利用相对花粉产量对花粉与植被关系的校正结果表明: 蒿属、藜科的校正效果明显, 其相对花粉产量可以作为定量重建古植被的参考; 莎草科、菊科、百合科和唇形科由于受植被和花粉数据梯度限制, 其相对花粉产量能否用于植被与花粉关系的校正有待通过更多植被群落调查进一步证实;其他花粉类型由于在花粉组合中含量多低于5 %, 所以在校正花粉与植被关系时的作用不明显。