The exponential decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth: a novel method for exploring its effect on water flow paths and transit time distribution

The strong vertical gradient in soil and subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity is characteristic feature of the hydrology of catchments. Despite the potential importance of these strong gradients, they have proven difficult to model using robust physically based schemes. This has hampered the testing of hypotheses about the implications of such vertical gradients for subsurface flow paths, residence times and transit time distribution. Here we present a general semi‐analytical solution for the simulation of 2D steady‐state saturated‐unsaturated flow in hillslopes with saturated hydraulic conductivity that declines exponentially with depth. The grid‐free solution satisfies mass balance exactly over the entire saturated and unsaturated zones. The new method provides continuous solutions for head, flow and velocity in both saturated and unsaturated zones without any interpolation process as is common in discrete numerical schemes. This solution efficiently generates flow pathlines and transit time distributions in hillslopes with the assumption of depth‐varying saturated hydraulic conductivity. The model outputs reveal the pronounced effect that changing the strength of the exponential decline in saturated hydraulic conductivity has on the flow pathlines, residence time and transit time distribution. This new steady‐state model may be useful to others for posing hypotheses about how different depth functions for hydraulic conductivity influence catchment hydrological response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铜陵地区硫化物矿床成矿过程的热传导和物质输运动力学

根据热传导和热致流体流动以及化学物质输运动力学原理，模拟和分析了铜陵地区铜金硫化物矿床成矿过程的温度场和流体动场。根据矿区温度空间分布模式和流体流线的展布模式，可以预测矿床的溶解地段和成矿物质的堆积场所。研究表明：（1）能量流和物质流是热液成矿的关键因素，而岩浆侵位带进的热是驱动流体流动的原动力；（2）侵入体的产状、不同化学性质围岩的空间分布的组合方式、围岩的孔隙度和渗透率差异等因素共同限定了成矿物质的沉淀堆积场所；（3）矿区中铁和硫主要来自五通组高孔隙度的含黄铁矿砂岩。在砂岩和灰岩之间的白云岩层强烈碎裂形成有利的成矿空间，白云岩与砂岩之间的化学位差是构成成矿化学反应发生的动力。     

基于传输函数的二/三维全时空连续海洋中尺度涡旋流场实时可视化

海洋中尺度涡旋可视化可以将海洋中尺度涡旋的运动规律以图形图像等直观的方式加以展现,是研究海洋中尺度涡旋强有力的工具。然而,现有的可视化方法存在一些不足,如时空连续可视化框架中的流线不能表现全时空连续的运动过程,应用到海洋涡旋提取的特征值受阈值影响严重,交互式传输函数依赖用户经验等。为解决已有的不足,本文首次提出了全时空连续框架和传输函数标准形态模式,将基于区域的涡旋提取技术(?准则)应用到海洋中尺度涡旋可视化中,并提出了全时空连续可视化框架二维及三维的GPU实现方案。实验结果表明,本文的可视化方案达到了实时可交互的级别,对于海洋中尺度涡旋交互式可视化具有重要意义。