清淤输泥的新方法新设备

为解决中低滩涂沉积的深厚软粘土层的输送难题,提出了一种清淤输泥的新方法,研制了能远距离输送高浓度、大粘度、低含水量的淤泥和软粘土的土方施工新设备:包括进料口、推送器、表面膜发生器、脉冲切割器、定位系统、智能控制系统、输料管道、管道浮子等。该设备具有能耗低,工效高,效益好;结构简单,故障少,运行维护方便;定位准确性高;自动化程度高等特点。可广泛应用于水利、环保、建筑工程中的淤泥和软粘土输送。     

马里亚纳海沟挑战者深渊南部7000m水深处发现硅藻化石软泥

在马里亚纳海沟"蛟龙号"载人深潜器海试区约7000m水深的海底,发现了硅藻化石软泥沉积物,为中国首次在此大深度船载采集到硅藻化石软泥。室内硅藻化石分析显示,重力柱状样顶部约10cm厚的软泥为大筛盘藻Ethmodiscus rex硅藻软泥。化石主要由大筛盘藻组成,呈碎片状,数量巨大,并伴生有Azpeitia等热带远洋浮游种类。硅藻化石软泥发育表明,本区曾发生过E.rex勃发事件,具有重要的古海洋学和古生物学研究意义。     

Episodic fluid flow as a trigger for Miocene‐Pliocene slope instability on the Utgard High,Norwegian Sea

Mass wasting is triggered on many continental slopes by a number of mechanisms, including seismic shaking, high sedimentation rates, the presence of weak geological units and gas hydrate dissociation. In this study, the morphology of a Late Miocene–Early Pliocene mass‐transport complex (MTC) on the Utgard High is unravelled and discussed in relation to possible trigger mechanisms. The approach used here includes 3D seismic interpretation and the analysis of variance attribute maps. The interpreted MTC is located on the crest and flanks of the Utgard High and is composed of three mass‐transport deposits with seismic characters varying from transparent and chaotic seismic facies at the base to slightly deformed layers composed of mounds and rafted blocks in the middle and chaotic to transparent reflections at the top. Lithologically, the MTC consists predominantly of claystone with high gamma ray and low density and resistivity values, demonstrating that the associated mounds represent remobilized ooze sediments. A vertical stack of six magmatic sills emplaced from 55.6 to 56.3 Ma into the Upper Cretaceous shales is interpreted at depths of 3,000–5,500 ms two‐way travel time (TWTT). In association with these magmatic sills are several hydrothermal vent complexes that interacted with the top MTC horizon, signifying that episodic and secondary fluid‐venting events might be the principal mechanism facilitating mass wasting in the study area. In addition, the remobilization of ooze sediments into mounds is hypothesized to be dependent on fluids and clayey layers. As a corollary of this work, the importance of relict and recurrent episodes of fluid flow in the Vøring Basin and their influence on the geotechnical integrity of the overburden and later mass wasting is established.     

北大西洋Hatton与Gardar沉积堤上等深线流活动的沉积学标志

 北大西洋东北部 Hatton 与 Gardar 沉积堤的早更新统沉积层分属两类不同的深海碳酸盐软泥。前者粗组份含量高,以有孔虫为主;后者明显变细,主要由超微化石组成。生物产率、水深、沉积速率及等深线流活动都有可能影响软泥的类型,但等深线流的改造作用最重要。本文进一步证实沉积堤是等深线流长期作用的产物,并自渐新世形成以来长期保持稳定。     

南海北部软泥水化学垂向剖面类型及其形成机制

本文将南海北部软泥水化学垂向剖面,分为4种类型。剖析了前2种类型在垂向上为开放系统,后2种在垂向上为封闭系统。这些不同类型的软泥水均属软泥阶段的浅变质水。文内提出了全新世期间南海北部海岸线曾南移至距现代海岸线约24km处,比现代海平面下降13m。并发现软泥水比太平洋中部的软泥水的Mn浓度高出1—2个数量级,揭示了利于Mn结核的成矿作用。     

太平洋中部软泥水化学场和演变模式

本文是根据地质矿产部“海洋4号”船于1986¹989年在太平洋中部调查采集到的洋底沉积物,通过高效多用途压滤机压取的软泥水,在测试获得的大量第一性资料基础上撰写的。首次系统全面地揭示了该区软泥水化学成分的基本特性和时空分布规律。依据软泥水所在介质环境特点和物质成分分析,结合水岩作用模拟试验和计算机技术等手段,剖析了软泥水的后生变化过程,提出了软泥水化学成分在早期成岩阶段以贫有机质、弱碱性强氧化环境为背景演化的新模式。     

卸荷作用下淤泥变形规律的试验研究

随着我国基础设施建设步伐的加快,在越来越多的工程中要涉及到对回弹变形的分析。通过大量试验,研究了淤泥在卸荷作用下的变形特性。淤泥的回弹变形存在临界卸荷比,当淤泥卸荷比小于临界卸荷比时,淤泥不发生回弹变形;当卸荷比大于临界卸荷比时,淤泥发生回弹变形,回弹变形可以分为主回弹变形、次回弹变形、附加次固结变形三部分,附加次固结变形的实质仍然是土骨架的蠕变。     

广西海相淤泥的次固结特性研究

在土木工程建设中将常遇到许多海相淤泥类软土地基。淤泥是一种流变性很强的饱和软粘土,次固结变形在总变形中占有很大的比重。以广西海相淤泥为例,根据室内试验成果,分析了海相淤泥次固结变形特性,得出了一些规律性结论,对于沿海地区淤泥地基的理论设计与工程实践有重要的指导意义。     

Physical behaviour of Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil ooze: Insight from flume studies of disaggregated chalk

Geomorphic features such as drifts, sediment waves and channels have been documented in the Upper Cretaceous of north‐west Europe. These features are interpreted to result from bottom currents and have been used to refine chalk depositional models and quantify palaeocirculation patterns. Chalk was first deposited as calcareous nannofossil ooze and geomorphic features are the result of sediment reworking after deposition. There is limited knowledge on the processes that govern nannofossil ooze mobility, thus forcing uncertainty onto numerical models based on sedimentological observations. This article provides an extensive view of the erosional and depositional behaviour of calcareous nannofossil ooze based on experimental work using annular flumes. A fundamental observation of this study is the significant decrease of nannofossil ooze mobility with decreasing bed porosity. Erosion characteristics, labelled as erosion types, vary with total bed porosity (φ) and applied shear stress (τ₀). High‐porosity ooze (φ >80%) is characterized by constant erosion rates (E_m). At φ <77%, however, erosion characteristics showed greater variance. Surface erosion was typically followed by transitional erosion (with asymptotically decreasing E_m), and stages of erosion with constant, and exponential erosion rates. The estimated erosion thresholds (τ_c) vary from ca 0·05 to 0·08 Pa for the onset of surface erosion and up to ca 0·19 Pa for the onset of constant erosion (φ of 60 to 85%). Variability of deposition thresholds (τ_cd) from ca 0·04 to 0·13 Pa reflects the influence of variable suspended sediment concentration and τ₀ on settling particle size due to the identified potential for chalk ooze aggregation and flocculation. Additionally, deposition thresholds seem to be affected by the size of eroded aggregates whose size correlates with bed porosity. Lastly, slow sediment transport without resuspension occurred in high‐porosity ooze as surface creep, forming low‐relief sedimentary features resembling ripples. This process represents a previously undescribed mode of fine‐grained nannofossil ooze transport.     

海洋软泥水成矿金属组分存在形式及其溶解-沉淀的定量研究

依据溶液化学平衡反应模型理论,对海盆和洋盆软泥水的成矿金属组分存在形式及其溶解-沉淀作用进行了定量研究,结果表明,软泥水中除Fe存在部分高价态外,Mn、Cu、Ni、Co均以低价态的形式存在,它们不可能通过化学沉淀作用生成以高价态锰矿物为主的结核。实验证明Mn、Fe主要以胶体和微粒形态存在,其浓度比溶解态的浓度要高出百倍至千倍。这些胶状的金属微粒直接参与了结核的生成。胶体化学作用是结核生成的主要成矿作用。