黄河入海口壬基酚污染分布特征

黄河口表、底层水体和沉积物中壬基酚的浓度分布特征研究结果表明,表层水体中壬基酚浓度为15.7~148.6 ng/L,平均值为47.5 ng/L;底层水体中壬基酚浓度为15.8~52.7ng/L,平均值为31.0 ng/L;表层沉积物中壬基酚浓度为2.31~5.47 ng/g,平均浓度为3.87ng/g。黄河口水体中壬基酚浓度呈现由河道向出海口外逐渐降低的趋势;河道中表层沉积物壬基酚含量高于出海口外。黄河口水体中壬基酚浓度低于文献中报道的海河口水体中的浓度,表层沉积物中壬基酚含量低于珠江口文献报道值。水体中壬基酚浓度超过抑制藤壶附着浓度(10 ng/L),河道最上游的站点水体中的浓度超过影响太平洋牡蛎幼苗的发育并增加幼苗死亡率的浓度(100 ng/L)。     

C_(60)研究现状及前景

碳除了具有传统观念上的石墨和金刚石两种同素异形体外,近年来人们又发现了第三种同素异形体———Ｃ６０。Ｃ６０以其独特的类似足球状的结构及性能,吸引了各国的科学家,对Ｃ６０的研究在全世界范围内如火如荼地开展起来。笔者在总结Ｃ６０的合成技术、分子结构与性能的基础上,探索了Ｃ６０作为一种新型材料所具有的应用潜力;回顾了从Ｃ６０发现至今十多年的研究历程,并首次将Ｃ６０的研究过程分成三个阶段,即起步阶段（１９８５年～１９９０年）、起飞阶段（１９９１年～１９９３年）和成熟阶段（１９９４年以后）;预测了Ｃ６０及其化合物的应用性研究将成为今后研究的重点和热点。最后,对当前Ｃ６０研究中存在的问题和难点进行了讨论。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物对水生生物的毒理效应

研究了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物 4 壬基酚对水生生物的毒理效应。结果表明 ,壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚和 4 壬基酚对水生生态系统中的各级生物都有一定的急性毒性 ,水生生物对这 2种化合物的敏感性顺序为 :枝角类 >鱼类 >藻类 >微生物 ,且 4 壬基酚的毒性程度较壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚更强。Ames试验同时表明 4 壬基酚具有致突变性 ,而壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚则不显致突变活性。建议这 2种物质在水环境中的允许浓度为 :ρ(4 壬基酚 )≤ 0 .0 14mg/L ;ρ(壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10 )醚 )≤ 0 .6 0mg/L。     

一种配合物键合异构体的制备及红外光谱测定

制备了配合物键合异构体[Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2和[Co(NH3)5ONO]Cl2,并用红外光谱测定了它们的结构.     

Vibrational states of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in beryl: physical aspects

Single-crystal polarized Raman spectra (3,000–4,000 cm⁻¹ at 3 ≤ T ≤ 300 K) were measured for synthetic alkali-free and natural beryl, Be₂Al₃Si₆O₁₈·xH₂O, to determine the behavior of H₂O molecules of both Type I and Type II in the cavities. At low temperature, the H₂O molecules of Type I displace from the center of cavity and give rise to very weak hydrogen bonding with the host lattice. The H₂O Type I translational motion is characterized by substantial anharmonicity and looks like a motion of “a particle in the box” with a frequency of 6.3 cm⁻¹. Water Type II is characterized by a free rotation with respect to the C ₂ molecule axis, and it makes possible the water nuclear isomers (i.e. ortho- and para-) to be observed at low temperature.

Mid-chain ketocarboxylic acids in the remote marine atmosphere: Distribution patterns and possible formation mechanisms

In remote marine aerosol samples collected from the North Pacific ocean, Enewetak Atoll, American Samoa, and New Zealand, series of mid-chain ketocarboxylic acids in the range of C₆-C₁₈ were detected. All the positional isomers, except for the 2-oxo and 3-oxo species, were detected for major ketoacid families (e.g. C₉, C₁₁ and C₁₃). Higher ketoacid concentrations (up to 19 ng/m³) were obtained in the northern North Pacific aerosol samples, which generally showed an odd carbon-numbered predominance with 5-oxoundecanoic acid being the major species. By contrast, lower concentrations were obtained in the lower-latitude or subtropical aerosol samples, where even carbon-numbered ketoacids were relatively abundant.The distribution patterns of the odd carbon-numbered ketoacids could not be explained by the primary emissions from source materials including terrestrial higher plants, soil particles, and ocean surfaces. We consider that the isomeric ketocarboxylic acids are produced in the atmosphere by the photochemical oxidation of semi-volatile monocarboxylic acids, which are counterparts of the oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids emitted from seawater surfaces. Atmospheric production of the ketoacids is seemingly enhanced in the northern North Pacific, probably due to an enhanced primary productivity.     

壬基酚对栉孔扇贝组织抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度的壬基酚(0.05,0.10,0.20,0.40,0.80,1.60mg/L)对扇贝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。试验进行6h,24h和48h后,分别测定扇贝鳃和消化盲囊组织中2种酶的活性。结果显示:①鳃组织中,0.05,0.10和0.20mg/L处理组中的SOD和CAT活性在试验6h后被轻度激活,24h和48h后出现抑制;0.40,0.80和1.60mg/L处理组的酶活性在整个试验过程中均被抑制。②消化盲囊中,0.05和0.10mg/L处理组中的SOD和CAT活性在试验6h后被轻度激活,24h和48h后被抑制;0.40,0.80和1.60mg/L处理组在整个试验过程中均被抑制。③扇贝消化盲囊组织中的SOD和CAT活性均高于鳃组织,对壬基酚的敏感性也高于后者。④扇贝消化盲囊和鳃组织中的SOD和CAT活性对壬基酚的反应变化趋势相似,二者结合,可以作为壬基酚污染的生物标志物。     

影响12种壬基酚同分异构体液液萃取效率的因素研究

壬基酚是一种新型持久性有机污染物,具有强烈的雌激素效应。近年来壬基酚对水体的污染备受国内外关注,因此实现水体中壬基酚的提取显得尤为重要。目前国内外对于壬基酚萃取效率的研究都是针对总量,对单独异构体萃取效率的研究极少。本文选用传统的液液萃取方法对壬基酚同分异构体进行提取,并进行GC-MS测试,对影响12种壬基酚同分异构体萃取效率的因素进行研究。通过实验比较不同萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂不同用量、不同盐度、不同pH条件下12种壬基酚同分异构体的回收率,研究优化了液液萃取壬基酚的条件。结果表明,选择二氯甲烷作为萃取溶剂,且用量为60 mL,调节水样pH1,氯化钠用量为60 g时,12种壬基酚同分异构体的萃取效率达到88.7%~101.2%,精密度(RSD,n=3)为10.3%~13.6%,检出限9.0~41.4 ng/L。该萃取效率能够达到USEPA规定的回收率在70%~130%范围内,已用于水样中壬基酚的提取。     

Early generation of 20S-5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)- and 5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-steranes in low salinity lacustrine shales

A quantitative sterane biomarker study was conducted on a series of paralic freshwater lacustrine shale samples ranging in maturity from immature to near oil window maturity taken from Section 3 of the Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the Liaohe Basin, N.E. China. Concentrations of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-20S and 5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-steranes remain nearly constant throughout the sample suite. However, the decrease in the absolute concentrations of the 20R-5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-C₂₉ steranes with increasing maturity results in an increase in the conventionally defined maturity parameters, 20S/(20S + 20R)-ααα and αββ/(ααα + αββ) sterane ratios. In addition, the data suggest that relatively early generation of 5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-20S and 5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-steranes has occurred in lacustrine sediments with a vitrinate reflectance 0.3% (R_o). The data provide strong support for the major importance of relative thermal stability of epimers, but do not exclude the possibility of isomerization as a viable mechanism for production.     

Effect of nitrate and phosphate on accumulation of β-carotene isomers inDunaliella salina

Dunaliella salina, a halotolerant unicellular green alga, can accumulate a large amount of β-carotene under certain environmental conditions. The isomers of β-carotene extracted fromD. salina cultured in medium with different nitrate and phosphate concentrations were analysed by HPLC with Alox-T alumina column. At least six isomers were found in different proportions depending on the culture media's nitrate and/or phosphate concentrations. Nitrate and/or phosphate deficiency was conducive to the accumulation of total cis isomers but not of all trans isomer. It is suggested that 1 mmol/L KNO₃ and 0.1 mmol/L KH₂ PO₄ are favourable for accumulation of total cis β-carotene. Contribution No. 2090 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 38970587.