Mapping the Geographical Diffusion of a Finnish Smallpox Epidemic from Historical Population Records

Smallpox mortality from an early 19th century epidemic in Finland is mapped at the parish village level. First, geographically referenced historical materials are used to construct a map showing the spread of smallpox mortality among villages. Next, the diffusion of smallpox morbidity is simulated by computer for the same set of villages. These two maps are then compared. Results indicate that at this scale maps of mortality diffusion can show general trends but have no direct spatial correspondence to the underlying pattern of morbidity diffusion. Mortality maps cannot be used as a surrogate measure of infectious contact behavior at micro scales of analysis.     

阜新市建成区点位坐标转换的研究

在地方坐标系和国家坐标系之间进行平面坐标转换时,由于坐标原点的差异,导致采用简化四参数模型转换坐标时转换矩阵可能出现病态,由此求得的参数解不可靠。基于四参数模型解算时中心点坐标与坐标转换矩阵具有相关性的特点,通过附加中心点坐标可有效地避免转换矩阵病态问题。基于以上原理,本文编程采用阜新市建成区坐标数据进行验证,该方法简单可行,计算结果可靠,转换坐标精度可满足大比例测图图根控制测量精度要求。     

高精度设备安装与调试中数据处理方法的研究

主要研究设备安装与调试中动态测量数据处理的方法。考虑抗差估计和有偏估计理论的同时，在常规转换模型的基础上构造新的优化模型。实践证明，本方法不仅可以减弱外界条件引起坐标系变化误差的影响，还可以进一步减弱仪器误差，提高作业效率。     

Levenberg-Marquarat算法及其在测量模型参数估计中的应用

分析了参数估值中求解函数模型的LS算法、牛顿算法、高斯一牛顿算法等常用方法在实际应用中所存在的问题;针对以上算法遇到法方程呈病态或奇异时不能得到所求问题稳定解的情况,尝试将Levenberg-Marquarat算法用于求解法方程异常时的线性和非线性函数模型;然后结合数据算例,分析Levenberg-Marquarat算法的计算结果,并与传统方法进行简单的对比。算例表明,Levenberg-Marquarat算法是处理法方程病态或奇异的有效方法。     

Mapping the Geographical Diffusion of a Finnish Smallpox Epidemic from Historical Population Records

Smallpox mortality from an early 19th century epidemic in Finland is mapped at the parish village level. First, geographically referenced historical materials are used to construct a map showing the spread of smallpox mortality among villages. Next, the diffusion of smallpox morbidity is simulated by computer for the same set of villages. These two maps are then compared. Results indicate that at this scale maps of mortality diffusion can show general trends but have no direct spatial correspondence to the underlying pattern of morbidity diffusion. Mortality maps cannot be used as a surrogate measure of infectious contact behavior at micro scales of analysis.     

谱修正迭代法在快速静态定位中的应用

将一种求解病态法方程的新方法——谱修整迭代法应用于单频GPS接收机快速静态定位。根据对实测数据的计算表明谱修整迭代法使静态定位可以在较短得时间内获得较精确的整周模糊度浮点解,因而缩小了整周模糊度的搜索范围,加快了静态定位的速度。     

基于矩阵预处理和BPT-SIRT非线性加权反演成像法

为提高弹性波CT层析成像中反演成像的质量,同时考虑到CT走时方程中系数矩阵的病态性和BPT-SIRT算法重建图像质量较低的问题,提出基于主元加权预处理和对BPT-SIRT算法加权的方法。该方法对BPT得到的初始迭代值进行加权预处理,在CT走时方程中的系数矩阵主元上叠加一个权值,再通过非线性的指数加权函数对射线路径矩阵中的元素进行加权。通过数值模拟和预制含缺陷的钢管混凝土试件对该方法进行验证,结果表明本文的方法具有更好的收敛速度和精度,对缺陷的识别效果更好。     

The changing geography of morbidity and mortality in post-communist Poland

In general, the health of Poles improved markedly in the thirty years after the Second World War, but there was some deterioration after 1989 before improvement resumed. Only in the case of cancer is there an upward trend and so Poles are now healthier than they have been at any time in the past. However there are sharp regional variations well exemplified by the incidence of tuberculosis, where there appears to be some correlation with poorer housing and atmospheric pollution. High death rates in Lodz (consistently the highest in the country at the voivodship level between 1989 and 1996), may also be linked with environmental pollution as well as the ageing of the population. Variations between town and country are small, but Poland shows up in a poor light when compared with other European countries. These are important issues for the administration and financing of the welfare services. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.