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1.
Mantle plumes from top to bottom 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Norman H. Sleep 《Earth》2006,77(4):231-271
Hotspots include midplate features like Hawaii and on-axis features like Iceland. Mantle plumes are a well-posed hypothesis for their formation. Starting plume heads provide an explanation of brief episodes of flood basalts, mafic intrusions, and radial dike swarms. Yet the essence of the hypothesis hides deep in the mantle. Tests independent of surface geology and geochemistry to date have been at best tantalizing. It is productive to bare the current ignorance, rather than to dump the plume hypothesis. One finds potentially fruitful lines of inquiry using simple dynamics and observations. Ancient lithospheric xenoliths may reveal heating by plumes and subsequent thermal equilibration in the past. The effect at the base of the chemical layer is modest 50-100 K for transient heating by plume heads. Thinning of nonbuoyant platform lithosphere is readily observed but not directly attributable to plumes. The plume history in Antarctica is ill constrained because of poor geological exposure. This locality provides a worst case on what is known about surface evidence of hotspots. Direct detection of plume tail conduits in the mid-mantle is now at the edge of seismic resolution. Seismology does not provide adequate resolution of the deep mantle. We do not know the extent of a chemically dense dregs layer or whether superplume regions are cooler or hotter than an adiabat in equilibrium with the asthenosphere. Overall, mid-mantle seismology is most likely to give definitive results as plume conduits are the guts of the dynamic hypothesis. Finding them would bring unresolved deep and shallow processes into place. 相似文献
2.
Abstract Spinel lherzolite is a minor component of the deep-seated xenolith suite in the Oki-Dogo alkaline basalts, whereas other types of ultramafic (e.g. pyroxenite and dunite) and mafic (e.g. granulite and gabbro) xenoliths are abundant. All spinel lherzolite xenoliths have spinel with a low Cr number (Cr#; < 0.26). They are anhydrous and are free of modal metasomatism. Their mineral assemblages and microtextures, combined with the high NiO content in olivine, suggest that they are of residual origin. But the Mg numbers of silicate minerals are lower (e.g. down to Fo86 ) in some spinel lherzolites than in typical upper mantle residual peridotites. The clinopyroxene in the spinel lherzolite shows U-shaped chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns. The abundance of Fe-rich ultramafic and mafic cumulate xenoliths in Oki-Dogo alkali basalts suggests that the later formation of those Fe-rich cumulates from alkaline magma was the cause of Fe- and light REE (LREE)-enrichment in residual peridotite. The similar REE patterns are observed in spinel peridotite xenoliths from Kurose and also in those from the South-west Japan arc, which are non-metasomatized in terms of major-element chemistry (e.g. Fo > 89), and are rarely associated with Fe-rich cumulus mafic and ultramafic xenoliths. This indicates that the LREE-enrichment in mantle rocks has been more prominent and prevalent than Fe and other major-element enrichment during the metasomatism. 相似文献
3.
Magmatic arc metamorphism: petrology and temperature history of metabasic rocks in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
We investigated the metamorphic cooling history of underplated magmatic rocks at midcrustal depth. Granulites and amphibolites occur within the Jurassic magmatic belt of the Coast Range south of Antofagasta in northern Chile between 23°25' and 24°20' S. The protoliths of the metamorphic rocks are basic intrusions of Early Mesozoic age. They are part of the magmatically formed crust, and the essentially dry magmas were emplaced in an extensional regime. The granulites (clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene–plagioclase) show all stages of fabric development from magmatic to granoblastic fabrics. Pyroxene compositions were reset at temperatures around 800° C independent of the stage of textural equilibration. The granulites were partially amphibolitized at upper amphibolite facies temperatures of 600–700° C. Following cooling, a possible reheating to greenschist facies temperatures around 500° C is indicated by prograde zoning in magnetite–ilmenite pairs. Mineral assemblages are not suitable for barometry, but a conservative estimation of the garnet-in reaction at given whole-rock compositions suggests maximum pressures in the granulite facies of around 5 kbar, and similar pressures are indicated by phengite barometry for the greenschist facies. The P–T path of granulite–amphibolite metamorphism is one of slow cooling from magmatic temperatures with heterogeneous deformation. The thinning of the pre-Andean (Precambrian–Triassic) crust was apparently compensated by the magmatic underplating and this special tectonomagmatic setting caused the prolonged residence of the accreted rocks at midcrustal levels. 相似文献
4.
FREZZOTTI MARIA-LUCE; PECCERILLO ANGELO; ZANON VITTORIO; NIKOGOSIAN IGOR 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(1):3-26
Quartz-rich xenoliths in lavas and pyroclastic rocks from VulcanoIsland, part of the Aeolian arc, Italy, contain silicic meltinclusions with high SiO2 (7380 wt %) and K2O (36wt %) contents. Two types of inclusions can be distinguishedbased on their time of entrapment and incompatible trace element(ITE) concentrations. One type (late, ITE-enriched inclusions)has trace element characteristics that resemble those of themetamorphic rocks of the Calabro-Peloritano basement of theadjacent mainland. Other inclusions (early, ITE-depleted) havevariable Ba, Rb, Sr and Cs, and low Nb, Zr and rare earth element(REE) contents. Their REE patterns are unfractionated, witha marked positive Eu anomaly. Geochemical modelling suggeststhat the ITE-depleted inclusions cannot be derived from equilibriummelting of Calabro-Peloritano metamorphic rocks. ITE-enrichedinclusions can be modelled by large degrees (>80%) of meltingof basement gneisses and schists, leaving a quartz-rich residuerepresented by the quartz-rich xenoliths. Glass inclusions inquartz-rich xenoliths represent potential contaminants of Aeolianarc magmas. Interaction between calc-alkaline magmas and crustalanatectic melts with a composition similar to the analysed inclusionsmay generate significant enrichment in potassium in the magmas.However, ITE contents of the melt inclusions are comparablewith or lower than those of Vulcano calc-alkaline and potassicrocks. This precludes the possibility that potassic magmas inthe Aeolian arc may originate from calc-alkaline parents throughdifferent degrees of incorporation of crustal melts. KEY WORDS: melt inclusions; crustal anatexis; magma assimilation; xenoliths; Vulcano Island 相似文献
5.
Vp and Vs values have been measured experimentally and calculated for granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths from central Ireland close to the Caledonian Iapetus suture zone. The xenoliths are predominantly foliated and lineated metapelitic (garnet–sillimanite–K-feldspar) granulites. Their metapelitic composition is unusual compared with the mostly mafic composition of lower crustal xenoliths world-wide. Based on thermobarometry, the metapelitic xenoliths were entrained from depths of c. 20–25 ± 3.5 km and rare mafic granulites from depths of 31–33 ± 3.4 km. The xenoliths were emplaced during Lower Carboniferous volcanism and are considered to represent samples of the present day lower crust.Vp values for the metapelitic granulites range between 6.26 and 7.99 km s− 1 with a mean value of 7.09 ± 0.4 km s− 1. Psammite and granitic orthogneiss samples have calculated Vp values of 6.51 and 6.23 km s− 1, respectively. Vs values for the metapelites are between 3.86 and 4.34 km s− 1, with a mean value of 4.1 ± 0.15 km s− 1. The psammite and orthogneiss have calculated Vs values of 3.95 and 3.97 km s− 1, respectively.The measured seismic velocities correlate with density and with modal mineralogy, especially the high content of sillimanite and garnet. Vp anisotropy is between 0.15% and 13.97%, and a clear compositional control is evident, mainly in relation to sillimanite abundance. Overall Vs anisotropy ranges from 1% to 11%. Poisson's ratio (σ) lies between 0.25 and 0.35 for the metapelitic granulites, mainly reflecting a high Vp value due to abundant sillimanite in the sample with the highest σ. Anisotropy is probably a function of deformation associated with the closure of the Iapetus ocean in the Silurian as well as later extension in the Devonian. The orientation of the bulk strain ellipsoid in the lower crust is difficult to constrain, but lineation is likely to be NE–SW, given the strike-slip nature of the late Caledonian and subsequent Acadian deformation.When corrected for present-day lower crustal temperature, the experimentally determined Vp values correspond well with velocities from the ICSSP, COOLE I and VARNET seismic refraction lines. Near the xenolith localities, the COOLE I line displays two lower crustal layers with in situ Vp values of 6.85–6.9 and 6.9–8.0 km s− 1, respectively. The upper (lower velocity) layer corresponds well with the metapelitic granulite xenoliths while the lower (higher velocity) layer matches that of the basic granulite xenoliths, though their metamorphic pressures suggest derivation from depths corresponding to the present-day upper mantle. 相似文献
6.
伊通地堑上地幔剪切带 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
通过研究糜棱岩型幔源包体的变形显微构造、位错亚构造及组构特征,确定它是上地幔剪切带的代表物质。该带形成温度为729~828℃、压力为1.10~1.38GPa、差异应力为97~150MPa、应变速率为IO ̄(-14)~1O ̄(-12)s ̄(-1)、等效粘滞度为10~1000EPa·s和深度为37~45km。这是一种与地幔底辟作用有关的规模较小的缓倾斜剪切带,也是应变集中带,能导致上地幔地震波速各向异性,并与地震活动有关 相似文献
7.
江西安远路迳金伯利质煌斑岩筒研究——一种新型的幔源碱性超基性岩 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
路迳岩筒属火山通道相,由金伯利质煌斑岩、角砾岩、角砾凝灰岩组成,富含幔源橄榄岩包体、普通辉石巨晶和岩球。造岩矿物是橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、角闪石和金云母,深源特征指示矿物有镁铝榴石、铬透辉石、铬尖晶石和镁钛铁矿。岩石化学组成超低SiO2,低MgO,高Al2O3,富碱,富挥发组分。轻稀土元素富集,相容元素贫化,不相容元素明显富集。岩浆起源深度约85km。其中:岩体产状,富含包体、巨晶和岩球,岩石结构和构造,矿物组成,岩石化学组成超低SiO2、富碱、富挥发组分等特征与金伯利岩相似;但岩石化学组成高Al2O3,低MgO,K2O低于Na2O,REE和LREE/HREE偏低,部分微量元素的亏损或富集,金云母成分富TiO2,富TFeO,贫MgO,镁铝榴石、铬透辉石、铬尖晶石和镁钛铁矿的Cr2O3含量偏低,岩浆起源深度较浅,均与金伯利岩有重大差异,而更接近煌斑岩类。研究认为,是幔源岩浆岩的一种新类型,岩石名称界定为金伯利质煌斑岩。 相似文献
8.
胶东海阳所堆积辉长岩的变质反应结构、石榴石形成及P—T演化 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
海阳所堆积辉长岩由橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩和辉长岩组成。在橄长岩和橄榄辉长岩中发育有典型的变质反应结构:主要为橄榄石与斜长石之间形成由斜方辉石、尖晶石、角闪石和石榴石等矿物组成的多期次次变边,并有三个不同世代变质矿物,早期Cpx+Opx+Spl,中期Amp,晚期Grt;期次是钛铁矿与斜长石之间形成石榴石次变边,相对比较简单,只有一个世代变质矿物,为Grt+Amp+Rut或Grt+Rut岩中石榴石是通过斜长石与角闪石或斜长石与钛铁矿之间的变质反应形成的,虽为峰值变质作用的产物,但变质反应的期次及类型不同导致了所形成石榴石的温度和压力有所不同。堆积辉长岩形成演化的温压计算表明,堆积辉长岩在经过近等压降温的岩浆作用之后的变质作用早期,仍为近等压降温,而晚期则表现为近等温升压。这一特殊的P-T演化可能反映了堆积辉长冷侵位与深俯冲特征。 相似文献
9.
Xiachen Zhi Zicheng Peng Daogong Chen Chunjiang Yu Weidong Sun Laurie Reisberg 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2001,44(12):1110-1118
The basalt-borne peridotite xenoliths from Jiangsu-Anhui provinces were analyzed for whole rock Os isotopic compositions in
two laboratories of USTC, China and CRPG, France, respectively. The187Os/188Os ratio of the sample set ranges from 0.119 to 0.129 (25 samples, USTC) and from 0.117 to 0.131 (17 samples, CRPG). The Os
isotopic compositions of most samples are less than 0.129 and depleted relatively to the primitive mantle, showing a good
correlation with the major element compositions. With the187Os/188Os-Al2O3 alumichron, the samples yield a model age of 2.5 ± 0.1 Ga (data of USTC) and 1.9 ± 0.1 Ga (data of CRPG), late Archean to
early Pro-terozoic. The two samples with the lowest187Os/188Os ratio (0.119 and 0.117) have the TRD (Re depleted age) of 1.1 Ga (USTC) and 1.4 Ga (CRPG), mid-Proterozoic. The Os isotope model age shows that the peridotite
xenoliths from Cenozoic alkali basalt in Jiangsu-Anhui provinces have an old formation age (early- to mid- Proterozoic). They
are not newly produced mantle after the Phanerozoic replacement of the lithosphere mantle, but residual fractions of Proterozoic
mantle. 相似文献
10.
地幔流体的交代作用——来自碱性正长岩及其深源岩石包体的证据 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
滇西玉龙县小桥头硅化霓辉正长斑岩中,含有较多镁铁-超镁铁质深源包体岩石。经岩相学和电子探针及扫描电镜分析发现,伴随交代蚀变,寄主岩和各类镁铁-超镁铁质包体岩石中,普遍发育沿粒间和矿物晶体裂隙或解理纹贯入或穿插的黑色不透明物质,主要由微晶硅酸盐矿物和磁铁矿组成。本文研究认为,硅酸盐矿物与磁铁矿在背散射电子图像中表现为熔离特征,这种在透光显微镜下呈黑色不透明的微晶固体,是引发交代蚀变、具熔浆流体特点和超临界流体性质的地幔流体交代作用的一种微观表现。 相似文献