矿山钻探应急救援中生命通道的钻井技术以山东栖霞笏山金矿事故救援1号孔为例

矿山事故发生后,首先救人。如果井筒或巷道遭到破坏,救援人员要想到达井下事故现场,必须清理井筒、巷道,如清理所需时间长,危险性高,则必须果断采取地面钻井救人的方法。先钻小眼井,贯通巷道,保障被困矿工生命,包括送风、送给养、送药品、通讯等,称为生命通道;然后,钻进大眼井,实施地面钻井垂直救援,称为救生通道。以栖霞笏山金矿救援1号孔为例,介绍生命通道的钻井工艺技术。     

Effective Emergency Transportation for Saving Human Lives

To save lives immediately after a catastrophic earthquake occurs, it is essential for an urban transportation system to retain its functional performance in order to carry injured people to hospitals. Recent seismic assessment studies have mostly been based on cost-benefit analyses, carried out in monetary terms that are reasonable for long-term considerations. However, many problems of seismic risk management still remain. For example, attributing a monetary value to a human life is considered impossible. Also, requirements for functioning of a transportation system are different in the period immediately after an earthquake. This paper concentrates on how to assess the importance of an urban transportation system as it relates to saving human life, and what system enhancements should be made to improve performance. This paper proposes a risk assessment method for the functional reliability of a transportation system immediately after an earthquake. In that period, system malfunction adversely affects the saving of lives as a result of time delays when moving injured people to medical facilities. A system dynamics simulation of transporting injured people is incorporated in the method, which uses two assessment approaches to evaluate the differences of cumulative injured people who receive medical care. In deciding on the destination of medical facility in the simulation, two ways of deciding are addressed; one uses information only on the road network, and the other uses information on both road network and hospital availability. Results of an application to an actual target area show the most vulnerable road links and differences of the two decision-making processes. A way to mitigate the loss due to damage to road links is examined. The paper also summarizes future developments in advanced information technology for emergency transportation systems.