计算机小短文

随着电脑的日益普及，网络已逐渐深入到我们的工作、生活和学习,独网络病毒得以广泛传播。为此，网络用户必须要防杀之。     

“压稳防漏”固井工艺在旬邑-宜君区块的研究与应用

旬邑—宜君区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡南与渭北隆起结合部,目前处于开发初期阶段。由于三叠系延长组地层沉积环境及后期构造运动的原因,形成地层不整合接触裂缝和地层应力裂缝,造成在钻井与固井过程中易发生漏失,导致水泥浆上返不足,上部井段未得到有效封固。本文通过对工区地层情况、钻进方式和设备、水泥浆浆柱结构以及施工工艺方面进行研究,探究漏失发生的主要因素。为达到提高油气层封固质量的目的,在工程上针对性地提出防漏措施,优化水泥浆配方,使浆体具有一定堵漏性能,依据“压稳防漏”平衡固井理念,更改浆柱结构和施工工艺。通过采用新技术措施后,工区内油气井环空水泥浆返高及胶结质量满足后期压裂改造要求。     

Geochemical and biochemical evidence of lake overturn and fish kill at Lake Averno,Italy

Lake Averno is situated in the homonymous crater in the northwestern sector of the Campi Flegrei active volcanic system in Campania region, Italy. In February 2005 a fish kill event was observed in the lake, prompting a geochemical survey to ascertain the possible cause. In February 2005 a geochemical survey revealed that the lake water was unstratified chemically and isotopically, presumably, as a result of lake overturn. This fish kill phenomenon was recorded at least two other times in the past. In contrast to the February 2005 results, data collected in October 2005, shows the Lake Averno to be stratified, with an oxic epilimnion (surface to 6 m) and an anoxic hypolimnion (6 m to lake bottom at about 33 m).     

Physical Hydrography and Algal Bloom Transport in Hong Kong Waters

In sub-tropical coastal waters around Hong Kong, algal blooms and red tides are usually first sighted in the Mirs Bay, in the eastern waters of Hong Kong. A calibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Pearl River Estuary （Delft3D） has been applied to the study of the physical hydrography of Hong Kong waters and its relationship with algal bloom transport patterns in the dry and wet seasons. The general 3D hydrodynamic circulation and salinity structure in the partially-mixed estuary are presented. Extensive numerical surface drogue tracking experiments are performed for algal blooms that are initiated in the Mirs Bay under different seasonal, wind and tidal conditions. The probability of bloom impact on the Victoria Harbour and nearby urban coastal waters is estimated. The computations show that： i） In the wet season （May - August）, algal blooms initiated in the Mirs Bay will move in a clockwise direction out of the bay, and be transported away from Hong Kong due to SW monsoon winds which drive the SW to NE coastal current; ii） In the dry season （November- April）, algal blooms initiated in the northeast Mirs Bay will move in an anti-clockwise direction and be carried away into southern waters due to the NE to SW coastal current driven by the NE monsoon winds; the bloom typically flows past the east edge of the Victoria Harbeur and nearby waters. Finally, the role of hydrodynamic transport in an important episodic event -- the spring 1998 massive red tide -- is quantitatively examined. It is shown that the strong NE to E wind during late March to early April, coupled with the diurnal tide at the beginning of April, significantly increased the probability of bloom transport into the Port Shelter and East Lamma Channel, resulting in the massive fish kill. The results provide a basis for risk assessment of harmful algal bloom （HAB） impact on urban coastal waters around the Victoria Habour.     

Origin of the mass mortality of the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) in the Tanshui River, northern Taiwan, as indicated by otolith elemental signatures

A massive fish kill of approximately 50 tons of flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) occurred in August 2006 in the Tanshui River, northern Taiwan. To clarify the origin of these mullets, 42 individuals were randomly collected to determine their ages by reading otolith annuli and to measure the trace elements in the otolith. The total lengths of the fish averaged 32.7 ± 4.4 cm, and most of the individuals were 2 years old, indicating that the mullets in the mass fish kill event were in the immature and growth stages. The Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of a subsample of 14 otoliths showed that half of the fish killed were estuarine residents, and the rest originated from marine and freshwater habitats. The multiple causes involved in this fish kill implied that additional unknown factors influenced the mullet populations on a large scale and induced them to move quickly and gather at this estuary.     

Catastrophic reduction of the oyster,Tiostrea chilensis (Bivalvia: Ostreidae), in Foveaux Strait,New Zealand,due to infestation by the protistan Bonamia sp.

Between 1985 and 1992, mortality due to infestation by the protistan Bonamia sp. severely reduced the numbers of the oyster, Tiostrea chilensis in Foveaux Strait, New Zealand. In 1990, two dredge surveys gave relative estimates, and a dive survey an absolute estimate, of the size of this oyster population; this allowed us to estimate dredge efficiency precisely. This estimate was used to re‐evaluate the dredge survey of 1975–76 and relate the size of the population in 1990 to that in 1975. By 1990 the population density had declined by 67% while a dredge survey in 1992 showed that the population density had declined by 91% from 1975. A dredge survey in 1993 showed that the population had increased slightly (but not significantly) over the 1992 level. By 1992 the population had probably been reduced below 10% of the virgin level. The fishery was closed in 1993 to allow the population to rebuild. The population surveys have followed stratified random and grid pattern sampling designs and the merits of the designs and methodology are discussed.     

Suffocation of pilchards (Sardinops sagax) by a green microalgal bloom in Wellington Harbour,New Zealand

A bloom of the green microalga Tetraselmis sp. in a small lagoon in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, is considered to have caused a fish kill of pilchards (Sardinops sagax). The fish deaths are attributed to anoxia brought about by a combination of reduced dissolved oxygen levels and the microalgae sticking to and clogging the secondary gill lamellae of the fish.     

钻孔应变观测同震阶变时的一个问题及对策分析

针对分量式钻孔仪记录同震应变阶跃时常出现的ΔεⅠ+ΔεⅢ与ΔεⅡ+ΔεⅣ观测值不等, 无法自检, 且观测到的应变/应力阶跃大于理论计算值等现象, 利用有限元方法计算分析可能的原因, 建立不同围压和地震波应力扰动条件下的多种模型, 运用各向同性“杀死单元”和横向各向同性"杀伤单元"法, 模拟分量式钻孔仪的金属外壁和固结水泥环之间产生张裂隙或剪切滑动的情况。计算结果显示, 若钻孔内的金属圆筒和水泥环之间发生剪切滑动, 基本不会影响到观测; 然而两者之间发生张裂会使得ΔεⅠ+ΔεⅢ与ΔεⅡ+ΔεⅣ出现较大差异, 严重影响到同震阶变的观测。今后在井下安置探头时应该尝试新的改进方法。      

Spatial and temporal changes in estuarine water quality during a post-flood hypoxic event

A major fish kill occurred in the Richmond River estuary in January 2008 due to oxygen depletion following extensive overbank flooding. This paper examines spatial and temporal changes in the chemistry of main channel waters, thereby identifying the primary sources of deoxygenating water. Over 40 km of the mid- to lower estuary main channel was deoxygenated within seven days of the flood peak. Hypoxia was confined to downstream of the confluences with mid-estuary backswamp basins and occurred during the later phase of the flood recession. Water chemistry at key locations in the estuary indicated elevated concentrations of redox sensitive species associated with acid sulfate soils (ASS) during the hypoxic period. Peak concentrations of Fe²⁺ up to 18.2 μmol L⁻¹, dissolved Mn up to 4.3 μmol L⁻¹, chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 2052 μmol L⁻¹, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) up to 960 μmol L⁻¹ and elemental S⁰ up to 4.7 μmol L⁻¹ were found in the backswamp discharge confluences and mid-estuary main channel locations. The geochemical signature of main channel floodwaters identifies anaerobic decomposition of floodplain vegetation in ASS backswamps as a primary process leading to generation of hypoxic waters. The transport of these hypoxic floodwaters to the estuary has been accelerated and prolonged by extensive floodplain drainage, thereby enhancing the magnitude and duration of estuarine deoxygenation.