西藏昌都赵发勇溶洞控矿MVT铅锌矿床地质特征与矿床成因

赵发勇铅锌矿床位于三江成矿带中段昌都地区,铅锌矿化发育在新生代区域逆冲推覆构造中,以逆冲断层相关的古溶洞构造为主要控矿构造,代表了逆冲褶皱系MVT铅锌矿床中一种新的成矿模式——溶洞控矿成矿模式。因此,笔者在对赵发勇矿区详细地质填图基础上,对其成矿流体特征、成矿期方解石和硫化物的同位素组成进行了系统研究,以期对逆冲褶皱系MVT铅锌矿床中这一新成矿模式的成因机制进行探讨。赵发勇铅锌矿床矿体呈漏斗状-筒状发育在逆(冲)断层上、下盘的下二叠统和上三叠统灰岩古溶洞中,以角砾状、块状和皮壳状为主要矿石构造,以方铅矿、闪锌矿为主要矿石矿物,经历了硫化物期(I)和硫化物-碳酸盐期(II)两期成矿过程。I期成矿流体总体具低温度(130～140℃)、高盐度(23%～24%NaCl eq.)特征,部分呈现中高温度(约高达400℃)、中低盐度(约低达8%NaCleq.)特征;δDV-SMOW值介于–147‰～–94‰,δ18O流体值介于1.25‰～13.62‰;同成矿期方解石δ13CV-PDB值为–2.4‰～5.1‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为15.1‰～27.4‰。两期硫化物δ34S均为负值(–15.1‰～–1.6‰), 206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb组成分别为18.703 0～18.966 2、15.638 9～15.687 2、38.554 8～38.924 0。研究表明, I期铅锌矿化由①封存在地层中的蒸发浓缩的海水或/和区域古近纪—新近纪盆地下渗的盆地卤水形成的低温度、高盐度的本地流体和②由区域或矿区地层释放的蒸发浓缩海水和变质基底释放的变质水混合而成的中低温、中高盐度的区域流体两种流体组成;两期矿化的成矿金属来自造山带中从基底变质岩到盖层灰岩或/和碎屑岩等在内的多套地层,还原硫来自古近纪—新近纪盆地卤水中的硫酸盐±灰岩地层封存水中的硫酸盐的细菌还原作用;富还原硫的本地流体和富金属物质的区域流体的混合是铅锌硫化物沉淀的主要机制。结合对三江带区域溶洞控矿MVT铅锌矿床研究认识,笔者初步建立了逆冲褶皱系溶洞控矿MVT铅锌矿床成矿模型。     

Geological Characteristics and Genesis of the Jiamoshan MVT Pb–Zn Deposit in the Sanjiang belt, Tibetan Plateau

The carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits in the Sanjiang metallogenic belt on the Tibetan Plateau are typical of MVT Pb–Zn deposits that form in thrust-fold belts. The Jiamoshan Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Changdu area in the middle part of the Sanjiang belt, and it represents a new style of MVT deposit that was controlled by karst structures in a thrust–fold system. Such a karst-controlled MVT Pb–Zn deposit in thrust settings has not previously been described in detail, and we therefore mapped the geology of the deposit and undertook a detailed study of its genesis. The karst structures that host the Jiamoshan deposit were formed in Triassic limestones along secondary reverse faults, and the orebodies have irregular tubular shapes. The main sulfide minerals are galena, sphalerite, and pyrite that occur in massive and lamellar form. The ore-forming fluids belonged to a Mg2+–Na+–K+–SO2-4–Cl-–F-–NO-3–H2 O system at low temperatures(120–130°C) but with high salinities(19–22% NaCl eq.). We have recognized basinal brine as the source of the ore-forming fluids on the basis of their H–O isotopic compositions(-145‰ to-93‰ for δDV-SMOW and-2.22‰ to 13.00‰ for δ18 Ofluid), the ratios of Cl/Br(14–1196) and Na/Br(16–586) in the hydrothermal fluids, and the C–O isotopic compositions of calcite(-5.0‰ to 3.7‰ for δ13 CV-PDB and 15.1‰ to 22.3‰ for δ18 OV-SMOW). These fluids may have been derived from evaporated seawater trapped in marine strata at depth or from Paleogene–Neogene basins on the surface. The δ34 S values are low in the galena(-3.2‰ to 0.6‰) but high in the barite(27.1‰), indicating that the reduced sulfur came from gypsum in the regional Cenozoic basins and from sulfates in trapped paleo-seawater by bacterial sulfate reduction. The Pb isotopic compositions of the galena samples(18.3270–18.3482 for 206 Pb/204 Pb, 15.6345–15.6390 for 207 Pb/204 Pb, and 38.5503–38.5582 for 208 Pb/204 Pb) are similar to those of the regional Triassic volcanic-arc rocks that formed during the closure of the Paleo-Tethys, indicating these arc rocks were the source of the metals in the deposit. Taking into account our new observations and data, as well as regional Pb–Zn metallogenic processes, we present here a new model for MVT deposits controlled by karst structures in thrust–fold systems.