冀东太古宙高级变质岩区若干地质问题的研究

在1∶5万区域地质填图及专题研究的基础上探讨了变质岩石中的岩浆侵位变形构造、褶皱构造及变形与变质作用的关系等三个方面的问题。研究表明冀东太古宙高级区变质岩石中不同程度地发育岩浆岩构造,包括在不同类型片麻岩之间所表现的穿切构造、基性岩墙中的矿物定向构造以及基性岩体边缘及其围岩的变形构造等,褶皱构造可分为表壳岩褶皱及片麻岩褶皱,高级区可能不存在大型的片麻岩褶皱,通过镜下特征矿物相的研究并结合野外变质基性岩墙的产状及特征,建立区域变质与变形作用的关系,从而为区域地质事件表的建立提供依据。     

Decrepitation Thermometry and Compositions of Fluid Inclusions of the Damoqujia Gold Deposit,Jiaodong Gold Province,China:Implications for Metallogeny and Exploration

The recently discovered Damoqujia (大磨曲家) gold deposit is a large shear zone-hosted gold deposit of disseminated sulphides located in the north of the Zhaoping (招平) fault zone, Jiaodong (胶东) gold province, China. In order to distinguish the temperature range of cluster inclusions from different mineralization stages and measure their compositions, 16 fluid inclusions and 5 isotopic geochemistry samples were collected for this study. Corresponding to different mineralization stages, the multirange peaks of quartz decrepitation temperature (250-270, 310-360 and 380-430℃(2) indicate that the activity of ore-forming fluids is characterized by multistage. The ore-forming fluids were predominantly of high-temperature fluid system (HTFS) by CO2-rich, and SO2-4-K type magmatic fluid during the early stage of mineralization and were subsequently affected by low-temperature fluid system (LTFS) of CH4-rich, and Cl--Na /Ca2 type meteoric fluid during the late stage of mineralization. Gold is transferred by Au-HS- complex in the HTFS, and Au-Cl- complex can be more important in the LTFS. The transition of fluids from deeper to shallow environments results in mixing between the HTFS and LTFS, which might be one of the most key reasons for gold precipitation and large-scale mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by high-temperature, strong-activity, and superimposed mineralization, so that there is a great probability of forming large and rich ore deposit in the Damoqujia gold deposit. The main bodies are preserved and extend toward deeper parts, thereby suggesting a great potential in future.     

美国福特—诺克斯金矿床产出环境、地质特征和形成作用

美国阿拉斯加州中东部福特—诺克斯（Fort Knox)金矿床是北极圈周缘规模最大的超大型金矿床之一。对该矿床的形成背景、矿体特征、形成模式的研究表明,该矿床主要产于前寒武纪—早古生代绿片岩与白垩纪—古近纪花岗质侵入岩接触带上,受构造-岩浆活动控制明显,地表出露面积为1100×600m2,并向深部逐渐变小。与其他与侵入岩有关的金矿床不同的是,该矿床热液蚀变作用强烈,与金矿化具密切空间分布关系的热液蚀变主要为钾长石化、钠长石化、绢云母化和青磐岩化。同位素年代学证据表明,其成矿时代为晚白垩世—古近纪(92.5±0.2Ma),是多期次岩浆作用的产物。依据同位素特征、成矿流体、围岩蚀变等特征可以判定,成矿物质主要来源于花岗质熔浆,成矿作用与氧化型中酸性侵入体侵入作用及其相关流体活动有关,属于典型的与侵入岩有关的金矿床。     

Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits of North China Craton, People's Republic of China

Abstract. Intrusion‐related gold deposits are widely distributed within the North China craton or along its marginal fold belts. Presently, about 200 individual intrusion‐related gold deposits (prospects) have been discovered, among which Yuerya, Anjia‐yingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi, Qiyugou, Jinjiazhuang, Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. In general, the intrusion‐related gold deposits can be classified into three major groups according to their host rocks: (1) hosted by or related to felsic intrusions, including (la) calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions and (lb) cryptoexplosion breccia pipes; (2) related to ultramafic intrusions, and (3) hosted by or related to alkaline intrusions. The first group contains the Yuerya, Anjiayingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi and Qiyugou gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs within Mesozoic Yanshanian calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions or cryptoexplosion breccia pipes as gold‐bearing quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, native gold and electrum are major metallic minerals. The Jinjiazhuang deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Hercynian diopsidite and peridotite as quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline intrusive complexes as K‐feldspar‐quartz veins and replacement bodies. Major metal minerals are pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, tellurides, native gold and electrum. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian and Yanshanian intrusions or cryptoexplosion pipes associated with the gold deposits show a broad range in δ³⁴S value, which is overall higher than those Precambrian rocks and their hosted gold deposits. For the alkaline intrusion‐related gold deposits, the δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite) from the deposits increase systematically from orebodies to the alkaline intrusions. All of these intrusion‐related gold deposits show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot in between the fields of the intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of sulfur and lead from magma with those from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidences suggest that the ore‐forming materials for the intrusion‐related gold deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian or Yanshanian intrusion. The calc‐alkaline or alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for the intrusion‐related gold deposits. Evolved meteoric water, which circulated the wall rocks, was also progressively involved in the magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominated the ore fluids during late stage of ore‐forming processes. Therefore, the ore fluid may have resulted from the mixing of calc‐alkaline or alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric water. All these intrusion‐related gold deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian or Yanshanian calc‐alkaline and alkaline igneous processes along deep‐seated fault zones within the North China craton or along its marginal belts.     

Genetic Environment of the Intrusion-related Yuryang Au-Te Deposit in the Cheonan Metallogenic Province, Korea

Abstract. The Yuryang gold deposit, comprising a Te‐bearing Au‐Ag vein mineralization, is located in the Cheonan area of the Republic of Korea. The deposit is hosted in Precambrian gneiss and closely related to pegmatite. The mineralized veins display massive quartz textures, with weak alteration adjacent to the veins. The ore mineralization is simple, with a low Ag/Au ratio of 1.5:1, due to the paucity of Ag‐phases. Ore mineralization took place in two different mineral assemblages with paragenetic time; early Fe‐sulfide mineralization and late Fe‐sulfide and Au‐Te mineralization. The early Fe‐sulfide mineralization (pyrite + sphalerite) occurred typically along the vein margins, and the subsequent Au‐Te mineralization is characterized by fracture fillings of galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, Te‐bearing minerals (petzite, altaite, hessite and Bi‐Te mineral) and electrum. Fluid inclusions characteristically contain CO₂ and can be classified into four types (Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb) according to the phase behavior. The pressure corrected temperatures (≥500d?C) indicate that the deposit was formed at a distinctively high temperature from fluids with moderate to low salinity (<12 wt% equiv. NaCl) and CH₄ (1?22 mole %). The sphalerite geo‐barometry yield an estimated pressure about 3.5 ?2.1 kbar. The dominant ore‐deposition mechanisms were CO₂ effervescence and concomitant H₂S volatilization, which triggered sulfidation and gold mineralization. The measured and calculated isotopic compositions of fluids (δ¹⁸O_H2^O = 10.3 to 12.4 %o; δD_H2^O = ‐52 to ‐77 %o) may indicate that the gold deposition originated from S‐type magmatic waters. The physicochemical conditions observed in the Yuryang gold deposit indicate that the Jurassic gold deposits in the Cheonan area, including the Yuryang gold deposit are compatible with deposition of the intrusion‐related Au‐Te veins from deeply sourced fluids generated by the late Jurassic Daebo magmatism.     

云南因民铁铜矿区辉长岩类侵入构造特征与找矿预测

对东川因民铁铜矿区辉长岩类侵入体的侵入构造几何学特征、物质组成和储矿构造样式进行研究,认为侵入构造特征复杂,辉长岩类以岩墙、岩床、岩株、岩枝和岩脉等产出,受落(雪)因(民)复式褶皱-断裂带核部及核部发育的SN向、NE向和NW向断裂控制,辉长岩类侵入体在空间上与铁铜矿体关系密切。从侵入构造中心向外具有三大构造岩相学分带,依次为侵入构造岩相带→热液蚀变角砾岩相带(体)→液压致裂-碎裂岩化相带,即侵入构造带(侵入角砾岩相带+含矿隐爆角砾岩相)→热液角砾岩体(筒)(热液角砾岩相+含矿热液角砾岩相)→断裂裂隙破碎带(含矿液压致裂角砾岩+含铜硫化物脉带)是本区主要含矿构造岩相带,是寻找和预测深部隐伏IOCG型矿体和热液型脉带状铜矿体的直接找矿预测标志。辉长岩类侵入体与落因复式褶皱-断裂带、小溜口岩组与因民组之间不整合面构造等形成了构造复合和储矿构造样式的多样性。本区储矿构造样式主要有辉长岩类侵入构造、隐爆角砾岩筒(带)和钠长石角砾岩筒(带),落因复式褶皱-断裂带与辉长岩类侵入体的复合叠加构造、辉长岩类侵入体与不整合面之间的叠加构造等,控制了不同类型矿化组合和矿床类型(成矿多样性)。在因民铁铜矿区深部小溜口岩组及落因背斜东翼,围绕辉长岩类侵入构造带是今后寻找IOCG矿床的主要靶位。     

Geology,mineralization, and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Lermontovskoe reduced-type tungsten (±Cu,Au, Bi) skarn deposit,Sikhote-Alin,Russia

The Lermontovskoe deposit (∼48 Kt WO₃; average 2.6% WO₃, 0.24% Cu, 0.23 g/t Au) is situated in a W-Sn-Au metallogenic belt that formed in a collisional tectonic environment. This tungsten skarn deposit has a W-Au-As-Bi-Te-Sb signature that suggests an affinity with reduced intrusion-related Au deposits. The deposit is associated with an intrusion that is part of the ilmenite-series, high-K peraluminous granitoid (granodiorite to granite) suite. These rocks formed via mantle magma-induced melting of crustal sources.The deposit comprises reduced-type, pyroxene-dominated prograde and retrograde skarns followed by hydrosilicate (amphibole-chlorite-pyrrhotite-scheelite-quartz) and phyllic (muscovite/sericite-carbonate-albite-quartz-scheelite-sulfide, with abundant apatite) alteration assemblages. Fluid inclusions from the skarn assemblages indicate high-temperature (>500 °C), high-pressure (1400–1500 bars) and high-salinity (53–60 wt% NaCl-equiv.) magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. They were post-dated by high-carbonic, methane-dominate, low-salinity fluid at the hydrosilicate alteration stage. These fluids boiled at 360–380 °C and 1300–1400 bars. The subsequent phyllic alteration started again with a high-temperature (>450 °C), high-pressure (1000–1100 bars) and high-salinity (42–47 wt% NaCl-equiv.) fluid, with further incursion of high-carbonic, methane-dominated, low-salinity fluid that boiled at 390–420 °C and 1150–1200 bars. The latest phyllic alteration included the lower-temperature (340–360 °C), lower pressure (370–400 bars) high-carbonic, methane-dominated (but with higher CO₂ fraction), low-salinity fluid, and then the low-temperature (250–300 °C) H₂O-CO₂-CH₄-NaCl fluid, with both fluids boiled at the deposit level. The high-salinity aqueous fluids are interpreted to have come from crystallizing granitoid magma, whereas the reduced high-carbonic fluids probably came from a deeper mafic magma source. Both of these fluids potentially contributed to the W-Au-As-Bi-Te-Sb metal budget. Decreasing temperatures coupled with high aCa²⁺ and fluid boiling promoted scheelite deposition at all post-skarn hydrothermal stages.The deposit is characterized by limited downdip extent of mineralized zones and abundant coarse-grained muscovite-quartz (+apatite, scheelite) aggregates that formed at the phyllic alteration stage. Together with presence of high-temperature, high-pressure and high-salinity fluids directly exsolving from crystallizing magma, this suggests a root level of the mineralized magmatic-hydrothermal system of reduced W skarn deposits.     

西秦岭夏河—合作地区与还原性侵入岩有关的金成矿系统及其动力学背景和勘查意义

西秦岭造山带是我国最重要的金成矿带之一。以往研究大多认为造山型金矿床和(类)卡林型金矿床是西秦岭主要的金矿床类型,并且两类金矿床的金成矿作用主要与造山过程中的区域变质作用有关,而与岩浆活动不存在直接的成因联系。位于西秦岭造山带西段的夏河—合作地区大面积出露花岗岩类侵入体,其周缘发育有富金的夕卡岩型铜(钨)矿床。近年来该地区新发现的多个大型—超大型石英脉型金矿床和微细粒浸染型金矿床都与中酸性侵入岩的空间关系紧密,暗示这些金矿床可能和岩浆活动有成因联系。论文在作者研究结果以及总结前人成果基础上,综述了夏河—合作地区典型金(铜)矿床的地质矿化特征、地球化学特征、时空分布特征,以及中酸性侵入岩的岩性特征、形成时代和演化过程。年代学研究结果显示,夏河—合作地区的早子沟微细粒浸染型金矿床、德乌鲁夕卡岩型金(铜)矿床和老豆石英脉型金矿床均形成于250~240 Ma,与邻近的早中三叠世花岗闪长质石英闪长质侵入岩近于同时形成。拉布在卡等石英脉型金矿床略晚于区内中三叠世末期侵位的闪长玢岩脉(约230~225 Ma)形成。H、O、S、C、B、Pb等多种同位素地球化学特征指示该地区早中三叠世金矿床的成矿热液均为岩浆来源,并且显示低氧逸度的特征。早中三叠世中酸性侵入岩的还原性钛铁矿系列花岗岩类特征,以及同时代的多种金矿化类型和成矿分带性,表明夏河—合作地区在早中三叠世(约250~230 Ma)多期次侵位的钛铁矿系列I型中酸性岩浆是金成矿作用的成矿流体和成矿物质的主要来源,其中与250~240 Ma多期金成矿事件有关的准铝质弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类侵入岩均经历了幔源基性熔体和壳源酸性熔体的岩浆混合作用,而与约230 Ma的金成矿作用有关的闪长质岩浆岩则可能指示了更多幔源基性熔体的加入。与金(铜)成矿有关的早中三叠世还原性中酸性岩是在古特提斯洋俯冲过程中局部弧后伸展条件下交代富集地幔楔部分熔融形成的基性岩浆与壳源酸性岩浆混合作用的产物。夏河—合作地区形成于早中三叠世的夕卡岩型、电气石石英脉型、石英方解石脉型和微细粒浸染型金矿床共同构成了一个与还原性侵入岩有关的金成矿系统。夏河—合作地区与还原性侵入岩有关的金成矿系统的发现,丰富了西秦岭造山带区域成矿作用的类型,并为西秦岭西段其他早中三叠世岩浆岩分布区(如青海同仁地区)的金矿勘查工作提供了新的思想和方向。     

Geology, Wall-rock Alteration and Vein Paragenesis of the Bilimoia Gold Deposit, Kainantu Metallogenic Region, Papua New Guinea

The Bilimoia deposit (2.23 Mt, 24 g/t Au), located in the eastern Central Mobile Belt of mainland Papua New Guinea, is composed of fault‐hosted, NW–NNW‐trending Irumafimpa–Kora and Judd–Upper Kora Au‐quartz veins hosted by Middle–Late Triassic basement that was metamorphosed to medium‐grade greenschist facies between Middle–Late Triassic and Early–Middle Jurassic. Mineralizing fluids were introduced during crustal thickening, rapid uplift, change of plate motions from oblique to orthogonal compression, active faulting and S₃ and S₄ events in an S₁–S₄ deformation sequence. The Bilimoia deposit is spatially and temporally related to I‐type, early intermediate to felsic and late mafic intrusions emplaced in Late Miocene (9–7 Ma). Hydrothermal alteration and associated mineralization is divided into 10 main paragenetic stages: (1) chlorite–epidote‐selvaged quartz–calcite–specularite vein; (2) local quartz–illite–pyrite alteration; (3) quartz–sericite–mariposite–fuchsite–pyrite wall‐rock alteration that delimits the bounding shears; (4) finely banded, colloform‐, crustiform‐ and cockade‐textured and drusy quartz ± early wolframite ± late adularia; (5) hematite; (6) pyrite; (7) quartz ± amethyst‐base metal sulfides; (8) quartz–chalcopyrite–bornite–Sn and Cu sulfides–Au tellurides and Te ± Bi ± Ag ± Cu ± Pb phases; (9) Fe ± Mn carbonates; and (10) supergene overprint. Fluid inclusions in stage 4 are characterized by low salinity (0.9–5.4 wt% NaCl equivalent), aqueous–carbonic fluids with total homogenization temperatures ranging from 210 to 330°C. Some of the inclusions that homogenized between 285 and 330°C host coexisting liquid‐ and vapor‐rich (including carbonic) phases, suggesting phase separation. Fluid inclusions in quartz intergrown with wolframite have low salinity (0.9–1.2 wt% NaCl equivalent), aqueous–carbonic fluids at 240–260°C, defining the latter’s depositional conditions. The ore fluids were derived from oxidized magmatic source initially contaminated by reduced basement rocks. Wall‐rock alteration and involvement of circulating meteoric waters were dominant during the first three stages and early part of stage 4. Stage 5 hematite was deposited as a result of stage 4 phase separation or entrainment of oxygenated groundwater. Gold is associated with Te‐ and Bi‐bearing minerals and mostly precipitated as gold‐tellurides during stage 8. Gold deposition occurred below 350°C due to a change in the sulfidation and oxidation state of the fluids, depressurization and decreasing temperature and activities of sulfur and tellurium. Bisulfides are considered to be the main Au‐transporting complexes. The Bilimoia deposit has affinities that are similar to many gold systems termed epizonal orogenic and intrusion‐related. The current data allow us to classify the Bilimoia deposit as a fault‐controlled, metamorphic‐hosted, intrusion‐related mesothermal to low sulfidation epithermal quartz–Au–Te–Bi vein system.     

美国福特-诺克斯金矿床产出环境、地质特征和形成作用

美国阿拉斯加州中东部福特—诺克斯(Fort Knox)金矿床是北极圈周缘规模最大的超大型金矿床之一。对该矿床的形成背景、矿体特征、形成模式的研究表明,该矿床主要产于前寒武纪—早古生代绿片岩与白垩纪—古近纪花岗质侵入岩接触带上,受构造-岩浆活动控制明显,地表出露面积为1100×600m2,并向深部逐渐变小。与其他与侵入岩有关的金矿床不同的是,该矿床热液蚀变作用强烈,与金矿化具密切空间分布关系的热液蚀变主要为钾长石化、钠长石化、绢云母化和青磐岩化。同位素年代学证据表明,其成矿时代为晚白垩世—古近纪(92.5±0.2Ma),是多期次岩浆作用的产物。依据同位素特征、成矿流体、围岩蚀变等特征可以判定,成矿物质主要来源于花岗质熔浆,成矿作用与氧化型中酸性侵入体侵入作用及其相关流体活动有关,属于典型的与侵入岩有关的金矿床。