知识产权贸易下的全球地缘科技格局及其演化

中国崛起,关键在于科技崛起。在当前技术针对与封锁的国际环境中,探讨建构以中国为核心的全球创新网络和科学制定中国未来科技战略是当前创新地理学和地缘政治学交叉之下研究的重点课题,而明晰全球地缘科技格局及其演变过程则是基础所在。本文基于2001—2015年全球国家（地区）间的知识产权进出口数据,在研究全球知识产权贸易格局和网络结构的基础上,探讨了全球地缘科技体系的时空演化特征,得出以下结论：① 全球知识产权贸易网络两极分化显著,是一典型的小世界网络,以美国为核心的金字塔结构不断夯实;② 基于敏感性和脆弱性模型阐释的全球知识产权贸易的非对称依赖性进一步验证了美国是全球地缘科技格局的核心,且其核心地位不断巩固和加强。     

中国稀土对外贸易格局演化及影响因素

从中美贸易摩擦到“科技冷战”以来,被誉为“高科技命脉”的稀土,日益成为国际博弈的前沿领域。在此背景下,厘清中国稀土进出口贸易流动态势、把握中国在国际稀土市场中的地位变动,对中国资源安全格局的整体优化和科技自立自强的长久维持具有一定意义。本文基于2008—2018年中国稀土进出口贸易数据、相关国家社会经济政治指标及联合国投票数据,借助相互依存指数、地缘亲和度模型、GIS空间技术以及负二项面板回归等手段,探讨了中国稀土产品对外贸易格局的演化及影响因素。研究发现：① 中国稀土贸易存在较大波动,出口额远大于进口额,整体呈现“升—降—升”发展态势。② 中国稀土进口市场高度集中且路径依赖增强,出口市场逐步多元且路径依赖减弱。中国主要出口具有较高附加值的中、下游产品,进口具有较低附加值的上游矿物类产品。③ 中国在全球稀土贸易相互依存格局中的优势地位整体强化。中国与多数友好型国家间的相互依存关系呈现优化态势,但与美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等分歧型国家之间的相互依存关系呈现恶化态势。④ 国家主体属性、国家间邻近性以及中国的贸易政策、贸易环境等对中国稀土对外贸易产生重要影响。     

Seismic hazard analysis in zones of time and space interdependence: An application to S?o Miguel Island, Azores

The Azores Islands are located in the mid-Atlantic region near the triple junction where the Euro-Asiatic-African-American plates join together. Seismic activity in the area is very high, as can be observed either from historical events since the fifteenth century, from present day microseismicity, and from direct and indirect measurements of recent tectonic deformation. Volcanic activity is also present throughout the region.All available information, even data exhibiting low quality, was used to develop hazard models of São Miguel Island. Source zones were established based on both the global tectonic behaviour of the region and on the local active fault structures. Recurrence laws for São Miguel Island, for which historical information seemed quite incomplete, were obtained from the large events in the entire archipelago and from their remarkable pattern of time and space dependence, and complimented by information on long-term fault deformation (for the longer recurrence periods) and on high precision instrumental network (for the very short recurrence periods).Attenuation laws were derived from data on events felt and/or recorded in the Island.Hazard maps were obtained through a modified version of McGuire's algorithm for several geometries of source areas and results compared with the maximum observed intensity of historical events.Abstract presented at the 21st General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission held in Sofia, 1988.     

不对称性相互依赖背景下中吉自由贸易实现路径——基于局部均衡理论的模拟

不对称性相互依赖是中国和吉尔吉斯斯坦经贸合作的常态,中吉自由贸易是丝绸之路经济带互联互通战略的重要组成部分,也是我国向西开展自贸区进程的突破点。文章运用局部均衡模型从BEC产品层面模拟分析了不同关税策略下中吉自贸区的贸易效应及本国经济效应。研究表明：在相同的关税削减幅度的情形下,2002-2016年间中吉贸易效应与其贸易额呈正相关;关税削减对中国和吉尔吉斯斯坦的贸易效应、福利效应及关税损失比较显著,尤其是中国,且对不同商品的影响存在显著差异,其中尤以工业品最为显著;综合考量贸易效应和福利效应,中国的最优策略是直接采取零关税,而吉国则是逐渐削减关税。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

Explaining foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. with spatial models: a liberal spatial perspective

This paper examines the effect of economic interdependence, intergovernmental organizations, political freedom, and spatial relationship on foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. from 1980 to 2000. Spatial perspective is largely missing in the mainstream international theories. Spatial relationship has three measures: spatial proximity measured as distance, spatial dependency measured as neighborhood effect, and spatial heterogeneity measured as regional effect. We found that the effect of economic interdependence is directional. The U.S. sensitivity to foreign trade rather than foreign sensitivity to trade with the U.S. explains much of the variation in the foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. Spatial effect is mainly manifested as spatial dependency; the effects of geographic proximity and geographic regions on foreign diplomatic presence are, however, mild. Spatial dependency in the variation of foreign diplomatic presence in the U.S. could not be well explained by the liberal perspective without using the spatial model.

北极地区地缘经济关系演变研究

在气候变化的背景下,北极地区的战略地位不断提升,北极事务正深刻地影响着世界格局的演变。以北极8国为基础,进一步考虑北极理事会13个观察员国的影响,基于2001、2006、2011和2016年的GDP和贸易额数据,采用社会网络分析方法,结合贸易依存度和进出口位次分析,全面地揭示北极地区地缘经济关系的演变特征。研究表明：2001—2016年北极地区地缘经济关系先走向紧密,而后有所减弱;不同国家的地缘经济地位和影响力存在显著差异,双边存在不对等的贸易关系,具有明显的“核心-外围-边缘”的特征。美加双边贸易流尤为显著,占到北极国家间贸易流的70%以上;在美加双边关系上,加拿大对美国经济高度依赖,美国拥有充分的主导权;瑞典、丹麦、挪威和芬兰在地区内具有重要的地缘经济影响力,而冰岛和格陵兰地区则长期处于贸易网络的边缘地带,但二者都具有极其重要的地理位置,应引起重视;在北极地区地缘经济关系中,俄罗斯的经济影响力并未与其国际政治地位相匹配,拥有巨大的经贸潜力。德国、英国、法国、日本、意大利、荷兰和中国都是对北极地区地缘经济有显著影响的国家。以中国为代表的新兴经济体的地缘影响力在不断扩大,而一些传统经济大国的地缘经济优势呈不同程度的减弱趋势。总体来说,近年来北极地区的地缘经济关系基本格局并未发生本质变化。     

中国国有企业生产效率的区域差异

借鉴西方经济地理学中的新区域主义和企业与区域联系的关系型理论框架, 对中国国 有企业的区域差异进行了实证分析, 发现中国的国有部门存在显著的内部差异。分省看, 存在显著的东西差异和南北差异。华北和东北的国有企业在规模上要远远大于华东和华南的国有企业, 但是前者的生产效率却要落后于后者。分地市看, 高生产效率的国有企业呈现逐渐 向沿海都市经济区集聚的空间态势。统计检验表明地方化的贸易和非贸易性联系是影响国有 企业生产效率的区域因素。具体而言： ① 与地方经济有着较多的生产和市场联系的国有企业, 受区域外部经济效应的影响, 其生产效率越高; ② 地方劳动力市场的多元化程度有利于国有企业采取灵活的薪酬制度和劳动力管理措施来提高生产效率; ③ 与外资企业的非贸易联系可以方便国有企业学习和采纳行之有效的组织行为和管治结构, 并促进其生产效率的提高。     

“一带一路”背景下的中印贸易关系分析

中国与印度的双边关系一直牵动着亚洲乃至世界的经济发展格局,研究其贸易关系对推进双边关系、推动孟中印缅经济走廊合作及“一带一路”建设均具有重要意义。本文从贸易角度入手,深入剖析中印贸易关系发展态势,探讨中印贸易商品结构及敏感行业,评估中印贸易对两国经济发展的带动作用,以期为中印关系演变提供有利支撑。研究发现：（1）2001—2017年中国与印度的贸易规模迅速扩大,但印度在中国的贸易地位提升较慢;（2）东部沿海省份与印度的贸易联系较紧密,西部地区大部分省份与印度的贸易联系相对较弱;（3）中、印双方均未能识别出明显的敏感行业,中国从印度进口主要商品为资源密集型和劳动密集型商品,而中国出口印度的商品逐渐转为技术密集型商品;（4）机械设备、化学制品业的出口拉动对中国的经济发展贡献相对较高,而非金属矿物制品、矿物的出口拉动对印度的经济发展贡献相对较高;（5）出口印度对东部沿海贸易大省的经济拉动比较明显,对于印度毗邻的西藏、新疆两个自治区的拉动也相对较大。