Environmental and legal aspects of karst areas

 Environmental impacts on karst settings are common as they are more sensitive than those of other rock terrains. Regulatory procedures that are effective in other rock terrains are not necessarily applicable to karst settings. Development and exploitation by man that affect the karst hydrology regime can trigger catastrophic events and result in numerous legal actions where the effects of changes go beyond property boundaries. A great variety of regulations and examples of litigation exist for karst areas. Received: 25 October 1994 · Accepted: 17 October 1995     

Element mobility during pyrite weathering: implications for acid and heavy metal pollution at mining-impacted sites

Based on back scattered electron images and electron micro-probe analysis results, four alteration layers, including a transition layer, a reticulated ferric oxide layer, a nubby ferric oxide layer and a cellular ferric oxide layer, were identified in the naturally weathering products of pyrite. These layers represent a progressive alteration sequence of pyrite under weathering conditions. The cellular ferric oxide layer correlates with the strongest weathering phase and results from the dissolution of nubby ferric oxide by acidic porewater. Leaching coefficient was introduced to better express the response of element mobility to the degree of pyrite weathering. Its variation shows that the mobility of S, Co and Bi is stronger than As, Cu and Zn. Sulfur in pyrite is oxidized to sulfuric acid and sulfate that are basically released into to porewater, and heavy metals Co and Bi are evidently released by acid dissolution. As, Cu and Zn are enriched in ferric oxide by adsorption and by co-precipitation, but they would re-release to the environment via desorption or dissolution when porewater pH becomes low enough. Consequently, Co, Bi, As, Cu and Zn may pose a substantial impact on water quality. Considering that metal mobility and its concentration in mine waste are two important factors influencing heavy metal pollution at mining-impacted sites, Bi and Co are more important pollutants in this case.     

柴北缘达达肯乌拉山地区闪长岩锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其构造意义

达达肯乌拉山位于柴达木盆地北缘中东部,区内发育闪长岩体,以小岩株形式产出。通过对达达肯乌拉山闪长岩岩石LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征的研究,获得闪长岩体的年龄为(240.5±1.7) Ma,属早印支期。闪长岩体的w(K_2O)较高,为2.03%～2.30%,w(Na2O)含量较低,为3.2%～3.44%,为一套准铝质及弱过铝质高K、低Na的高钾钙碱性型I型花岗岩。岩石稀土元素总量为158.35×10~(-6)～200.41×10~(-6),球粒陨石标准化曲线向右倾斜,重稀土元素曲线呈水平状,轻稀土元素富集,但负铕异常不明显,岩浆分异程度不高。岩石的La/Ta(54.32～68.51)、Sm/Nd(0.18～0.19)及Rb/Sr(0.11～0.19)比值特征反映该岩体岩浆具有壳幔混合的特点。通过构造判别,反映达达肯乌拉山岩体可能形成于俯冲陆壳断离、幔源岩浆底侵的地球动力学背景,在中央造山带早中生代统一的板块碰撞与挤压构造体制下,以滩间山蛇绿岩带为基础,发生陆壳俯冲和断离作用,并诱发幔源岩浆的底侵和下地壳物质的部分熔融,沿火山机构侵位形成达达肯乌拉山岩体。     

Entrepreneurial causation and effectuation logics in a regional context: Assessing the importance of population density

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the article is to assess whether an entrepreneurial causation or effectuation logic is a function of geographical location in densely populated economic regions versus sparsely populated economic regions. A causation logic implies that the entrepreneur primarily focuses on a predefined goal and further aims to identify the means to reach that goal. By contrast, an effectuation logic implies that the entrepreneur to a larger extent focuses on the means at hand, which she or he aims at materialising into one or more goals that are not necessarily predefined. The empirical data for the study are based on an investigation and evaluation of Norwegian entrepreneurs in business incubation that are located in many different economic regions of the country. Multilevel regression analyses showed that geographical location in sparsely populated economic regions is associated with a causation logic, whereas a location in densely populated economic regions is associated with an effectuation logic. An implication of the article is that entrepreneurial stakeholders, such as policymakers, incubator managers, public and private partners, and entrepreneurs themselves should be aware of differences in causation and effectuation logics between entrepreneurs located in densely versus sparsely populated economic regions.     

天然气化探异常机理探讨及其在勘探中的意义

天然气在地质体中运移过程中留下示踪痕迹，通过化探的方法，结合地质、地球物理方法，确定近地表地球化学效应或井下地球化学效应，为油气的进一步勘探提供地质资料和参考价值。     

Evaluating the Bonn—Marrakesh agreement

Abstract

This article evaluates the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of the Kyoto Protocol after the Bonn Agreement and the Marrakesh Accords. The US withdrawal has by far the greatest impact in reducing the environmental effectiveness, lowering the price of traded emission permits and reducing Annex I abatement costs. The decisions on sinks imply that the Annex I CO₂-equivalent emissions without the US will come out at about 1/2% below base-year level, instead of over 4% below base-year level. Without US participation, the emission permit price is estimated to be low. Therefore, banking hot air by Russia and the Ukraine is of absolute importance for the development of a viable emissions trading market, and would also enhance the environmental effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol.     

东天山同成铅矿地球化学特征及找矿意义

同成地区位于东天山阿齐山-长城山岛弧带(觉罗塔格岛弧),南部有彩霞山铅锌矿,东部有红柳沟铜铅锌多金属矿及维山铅锌矿等。该地区处于新疆重要的铜、镍、金等多金属成矿带,是新疆重要成矿带,成矿条件有利。研究区内元素异常受地层控制明显,主成矿元素Pb、Zn富集度高、范围广,且元素异常整体重叠,所圈定的化探异常与地表发现的铅矿化带走向一致。根据目前取得的化探及找矿成果,认为同成地区具有寻找新型铅矿的较大潜力。     

Seismic Activity in the Himalayan Orogenic Belt and Its Related Geohazards

Himalayan orogenic belt is the highest and largest continental collision and subduction zone on the Earth. The Himalayan orogenic belt has produced frequent large earthquakes and caused several geohazards due to landslides and housing collapse, having an impact on the safety of life and property along a length of over 2500 km. Here we took three earthquake clusters as examples, which occurred at Nepal Himalaya, eastern Himalayan syntaxis and western Himalayan syntaxis, respectively. Here we calculated the earthquake locations and fault plane solutions based on the waveform data recorded by seismic stations deployed in source areas by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. We found that at the Nepal Himalayan, the Main Himalayan Thrust is the major tectonic structure for large earthquakes to occur. At the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, most earthquakes are of the reverse or strike-slip faulting. The major tectonic feature is the combination of the NE-dipping thrust with the southeastern escape of the Tibetan plateau. At the western Himalayan syntaxis, intermediate-depth earthquakes are active. These observations reveal the geometry of the deep subduction of the continental plate with steep dipping angle.     

东天山觉罗塔格带东段早志留世中酸性侵入岩的年代学、地球化学及构造意义

为了确定东天山觉罗塔格带东段玉海地区中酸性侵入岩的形成时代、源区性质及其构造属性,本文对该区中酸性侵入岩进行了系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学以及Sr-Nd同位素分析。2个样品中的锆石在CL图像上具明显振荡环带,Th/U值为0.28～0.59,指示其岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石定年结果表明,它们主要形成于早志留世(433.2～431.2Ma),代表了寄主岩石的形成时代。样品w(SiO_2)=57.88%～69.01%,w(Na_2O)=3.46%～5.07%,w(K_2O)=0.50%～1.65%,Na_2O/K_2O=4.26～6.79,Mg#=45.1～52.3,A/CNK=0.89～1.00;稀土配分模式呈右倾型,LREE/HREE=5.55～11.47,(La/Yb)N=4.18～13.54,δEu=0.82～1.25;在微量元素蛛网图上表现为大离子亲石元素(Ba、U、K、Sr等)相对富集和高场强元素(Th、Ti、Nb、Ta)相对亏损;全岩εNd(t)值介于6.1～7.0之间。研究表明,早志留世中酸性侵入岩的岩浆源区主要为年轻地壳物质,结合火成岩的组合特征、岩浆作用性质以及区域构造演化历史,认为早志留世中酸性侵入岩形成于康古尔洋板片向北(吐—哈地块)俯冲的活动大陆边缘环境,从而将康古尔大洋板片北向俯冲的时限追溯至早志留世。