人工合成锰矿物实验及其产物

通过在蒸馏水中0～10℃条件下,在含Cu、Co、Ni和有机质溶液以及不同底质的合成海水中（常温常压）合成锰矿物。结果得出,初始锰矿物是黑锰矿;控制锰矿物形成的条件是,除必要的物质来源外,起决定作用的是形成环境的酸碱度和氧化还原电位。在含硅质粘土和钙质软泥的试管中产生三层沉淀物：上部层主要是菲细粒（粒径0．5～1.5μm）黑锰矿,中间层为菲细粒黑锰矿和黑锰矿微结核（粒径5.8～43.5μm）,下部层分别为含黑锰矿微结核的硅质粘土和钙质软泥。有的实验中在硅质粘土或钙质软泥上面形成一层厚度为20～33μm黑锰矿结壳。这种结壳上表面的突起和埋藏型结核的表面相似,下表面的小突起里定向排列。     

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Variable Oxidation State Oxides: Protocol and Pitfalls

Electron probe microanalysis of geological oxide materials relies on stoichiometric considerations to estimate the content of undetermined oxygen and thus calculate ZAF (atomic number, absorption, fluorescence) matrix correction factors, requiring the valences of cations in the corresponding software to be unambiguously defined. However, stoichiometric ZAF corrections may be problematic in the presence of other undetermined elements or variable valence state cations. Herein, we analyse several oxides containing such cations, that is magnetite (Fe₃O₄), haematite (Fe₂O₃), hausmannite (Mn₃O₄) and cuprite (Cu₂O). We compare data re‐calculated for incorrect valence states ( Method 1 ) with reference values, revealing incorrect results, due to an incorrect amount of oxygen used in the matrix correction. Some solid‐solution series of haematite and magnetite were also modelled in CalcZAF program to prove the relative errors when the incorrect oxygen is used. To resolve these issues, we describe two accurate methods. Method 2 uses the true valence states of analysed elements. In Method 3, all cations are analysed as metals, with the content of undetermined oxygen determined by difference. As EPMA software does not allow the use of non‐integer valences, Method 3 is applicable to cations with non‐integer or dubious valences in cases where these non‐integer valences cannot be defined.     

Pathways of birnessite formation in alkali medium

Birnessite, widely distributed in soils, sediments and ocean manganese nodules, is a common layered manganese oxide. It consists of sheets of hydrated cations between sheets of MnO6 octahedra[1,2]. The formations of a variety of manganese oxides are closely related with birnessite, most of those form di- rectly or indirectly from birnessite [3―7]. In natural en- vironment, birnessite has a high surface activity and potential, and plays a significant role in adjusting and controlling the avai…