Primary Ore Mineral Assemblage and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Batu Hijau Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia

Abstract. The Batu Hijau porphyry Cu‐Au deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, is associated with a tonalitic intrusive complex. The temperature‐pressure condition of mineralization at the Batu Hijau deposit is discussed on the basis of fluid inclusion microthermometry. Then, the initial Cu‐Fe sulfide mineral assemblage is discussed. Bornite and chalcopyrite are major copper ore minerals associated with quartz veinlets. The quartz veinlets have been classified into ‘A’ veinlets associated with bornite, digenite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite, ‘B’ veinlets having chalcopyrite bornite along vuggy center‐line, rare ‘C’ chalcopyrite‐quartz veinlets, and late ‘D’ veinlets consisting of massive pyrite and quartz (Clode et al., 1999). Copper and gold mineralization is associated with abundant ‘A’ quartz veinlets. Abundant fluid inclusions are found in veinlet quartz consisting mainly of gas‐rich inclusions and polyphase inclusions throughout the veinlet types. The hydrothermal activity occurred in temperature‐pressure conditions of aqueous fluid immiscibility into hypersaline brine and dilute vapor. The halite dissolution (Tm[halite]) and liquid‐vapor homogenization (Th) temperatures of the polyphase inclusions in veinlet quartz range from 270 to 472d?C and from 280 to 454d?C, respectively. The estimated salinity ranges from 36 to 47 wt% (NaCl equiv.). The apparent pressures lower than 300 bars are estimated to have been along the liquid‐vapor‐halite curve for the fluid inclusions having the Th lower than the Tm that trapped the brine saturated with halite, or at slightly higher pressure relative to liquid‐vapor‐halite curve for the fluid inclusions having the Th higher than the Tm that trapped the brine unsaturated with halite. The actual temperature and pressure during the hydrothermal activity at the Batu Hijau deposit are estimated to have been around 300d?C and 50 bars. At such temperature‐pressure conditions, the principal and initial Cu‐Fe sulfide mineral assemblages are thought to be chalcopyrite + bornite solid solution (bnss) for the chalcopyrite‐bearing assemblage, and chalcocite‐digenite solid solution and bnss for the chalcopyrite‐free assemblage.     

不同晶形石盐沉积生长特征及对包裹体温度的影响

石盐晶体生长过程中捕获流体包裹体，利用冷冻测温法得到的均一温度信息与古水温存在良好的相关性。在部分地区，利用包裹体最大均一温度评价古气候时，温度数据与孢粉学反映的气候特征存在冲突，不同晶形的石盐沉积特征，及其晶体条纹内包裹体温度代表的地质含义需进一步探讨。笔者在分析经典测温数据的基础上，观察常温蒸发实验中漏斗晶和人字晶的形成及生长过程，分析了不同温度段均一温度与气温、水温之间的关系。结合现代气象记录数据，分析了最大均一温度评价气候时存在的局限性。研究认为：漏斗晶晶核形成与卤水表面，包裹体温度受温度和气压共同影响，漏斗晶在卤水底部绕核生长，漏斗晶外围包裹体温度对应水底温度，沉入水下后漏斗晶生长缓慢，包裹体最大温度可能代表年度最高温度，以此为指标评价气候得出的结论过于炎热；人字晶是多个漏斗晶之间的桥接部分，大部分形成于卤水蒸发将近结束之时，人字形条纹内包裹体温度受气温和地表温度共同影响，地表温度远大于气温是造成包裹体最高温度过高的主要原因。     

Pleistocene climatic change in Southern Australia and its effect on speleothem deposition in some Nullarbor caves

Activity ratios of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U, ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U, and ²³⁰Th/²³²Th have been determined for calcite, gypsum and halite speleothems from caves of the Nullarbor Plain, mostly in the area N and NW of Mundrabilla Station, for the purpose of U-series dating. All calcite speleothems contain adequate amounts of uranium for dating, but some show an excess of ²³⁰Th. Stratigraphic relationships indicate that there were at least three phases of calcium carbonate deposition in the Nullarbor caves. The calcite samples, with one possible exception, have ages in excess of ca. 400000 yrs BP. This suggests that no significant amounts of calcium carbonate deposition have taken place during the last 400ka. At present, active deposition of speleothems is restricted almost entirely to gypsum and halite. The only gypsum speleothem dated was found to have a finite age of ca. 185 ka. Six dates on a small halite speleothem containing insect and arachnid remains indicate that it formed rapidly during Holocene time.     

陕北奥陶纪盐盆的区域成矿地质条件分析

本文以鄂尔多斯盆地陕北奥陶纪岩盐为主要研究对象,在深入分析以往岩盐的成因机制和充分利用前人的研究资料基础上,从区域古气候、古地理、古构造和岩相古地理方面综合分析认为,奥陶纪时期,陕北盐盆能够发育巨厚岩盐,并且岩盐沉积时的卤水达到钾石盐至光卤石的阶段,是由有利于成盐的干旱古气候条件,有利于蒸发岩发育的半封闭的区域构造、地质条件,以及区域上有利于氯化物盐类迁移富集的预备盆地发育的区域岩相古地理条件共同作用的结果。     

Spatial Distribution of Halite in Kuqa Basin from Paleogene to Neogene and Signification of Potash Survey

正Evaporites with gigantic thickness had been developed in Kuqa Basin from Paleocene to early Miocene,and the sediment thickness changed from tens to thousands of meters.By 3D mine software,spatial distribution model of     

库车坳陷大北克深井区白垩系储层含盐特征与分布规律#br#

塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐下深部储层是天然气勘探的重要领域,白垩系储层岩盐广泛发育,储层含盐特征的精细表征和评价对该区勘探区带优选具有重要意义.以库车坳陷大北克深井区白垩系砂岩储层７２件岩心样品为研究对象,通过薄片、扫描电镜、能谱分析与QEMSCAN(岩石矿物定量分析)等技术手段,对研究区白垩系砂岩储层的含盐特征、分布规律、形成条件及来源等进行研究.结果表明:岩盐晶体主要赋存在碎屑颗粒间、碎屑颗粒表面和溶蚀孔与裂缝中,呈格架状、晶粒状和团块状集合体等３种赋存状态,不同状态岩盐晶体Na和Cl等元素的原子分数存在差异;岩盐分布规律为,平面上表现出西高东低的特点,垂向上距上覆膏盐岩层越近,岩盐体积分数越高;不同的盐源供给条件、储层埋藏深度、砂岩粒级、分选性等制约岩盐晶体的集合体形态;岩盐来源主要为古近系膏盐类沉积物的溶蚀渗流,也可能与含盐流体沿构造断裂的侧向渗入有关.     

表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体研究进展

系统介绍了近些年来国外在表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体均一温度、水体组分、δD和δ18O同位素、气体成分及微生物等信息提取和应用方面的研究进展。这些研究进展充分表明表生环境条件形成的石盐流体包裹体是目前利用蒸发盐定量获取古气候环境（温度、湿度）参数、揭示海洋和盐湖水体地质历史时期的长期演化以及丰富和深化成盐成矿理论的良好地质载体。分析了我国目前在这一研究领域同国外相比的差距、潜在优势和发展前景。     

白云母对岩盐断层带摩擦速度依赖性影响的实验研究

为更好地理解层状硅酸盐对断层强度、滑动速度依赖性及地震活动特征的影响,利用双轴摩擦实验对含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥及含水条件下摩擦的速度依赖性进行了实验研究,并观测了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射,分析了断层带的微观结构.实验结果表明,干燥条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.1 ～ 100μm/s的速度范围内表现为黏滑和速度弱化,增大σ2会使断层带从速度弱化向速度强化转化,速度依赖性转换出现在0.1 μm/s,其中断层滑动表现为稳滑或应力释放时间较长的黏滑事件;含水条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.05 ～0.01μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度强化,0.1 ～10μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,50～100μm/s的速度范围内又转换为速度强化行为.含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥条件下一次黏滑伴随一个或一丛声发射事件,而在含水条件下与稳滑相对应,滑动过程中并未记录到声发射事件.显微结构观察表明,速度弱化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的脆性破裂和局部化的滑动;干燥条件下,速度强化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的均匀破裂;含水条件下2个速度强化域对应不同的微观机制,高速域的速度强化受控于岩盐颗粒在白云母相互连结形成的网状结构上的滑动及其均匀碎裂作用,而低速域的速度强化还受岩盐的压溶作用控制.通过与岩盐断层带摩擦实验结果对比可知,白云母的存在对于燥岩盐断层带摩擦滑动方式和速度依赖性没有显著影响,而在含水条件下白云母的存在使得岩盐断层带滑动趋于稳定.实验结果为分析含层状硅酸盐断层的强度和稳定性提供了依据.此外,在速度依赖性转换域上观察到的应力缓慢释放的现象进一步证实了在岩盐断层带摩擦滑动过程中观察到的现象,这对慢地震机制研究具有参考意义.     

山东省泰安市大汶口盆地岩盐矿地质特征及开发意义

大汶口盆地岩盐矿均为第四系所覆盖,钻孔揭露,除第四系外,主要为古近系官庄群大汶口组。大汶口盆地主要是由南留断裂所控制。岩盐矿是大汶口盆地盐类矿床的主体,矿层多而集中,厚度大而变化小,品位高而稳定。矿层延展面积约45km3,其平面形态为一个椭圆形,在空间上整个含盐段似一个向北缓倾的大透镜体。矿石自然类型有3种,即块状岩盐（灰白盐）、含杂质岩盐（杂色盐）和脉状岩盐,其中以块状岩盐为主,含杂质岩盐次之,脉状岩盐不具有工业意义。该矿床地质条件好、埋藏深度适宜,外部建设条件好,该矿床具备大规模开发的条件,矿业开发可促进当地的经济发展.当地政府有关部门已在着手工作,推动该岩盐矿规模开发进程。