四川彭山钙芒硝矿统一规划勘探和开发之成效

论述了在县域内实行矿产资源的统一规划、统一勘探、统一开发的重要性；实现公益性地质矿产调查与商业性地质勘查工作分制运行，以加强矿产资源调查评价与勘查，进而为县域经济可持续发展提供矿产资源保障。     

论中国钙芒硝矿床

钙芒硝矿床与芒硝矿床一样都是提取化工原料———硫酸钠的重要非金属矿产。中国钙芒硝矿产储量丰富 ,已被开发利用 ,更是潜在的具有重要经济价值的矿床。按其成因可划分为第四纪盐湖型、中新生代陆相碎屑岩型及古代海相碳酸盐型三大类。对钙芒硝矿物精心研究表明 ,钙芒硝的成因与生物作用关系极为密切 ,钙芒硝矿床当属生物化学成因。通过对中国钙芒硝矿床的深入研究 ,得出认识是 :该类矿床具有分布广、成矿延续时代长、矿床成因类型多的特点。中国西部地区钙芒硝矿床发育次生富集带 ,形成可供工业利用的次生芒硝矿床。     

Minerogenic Theory of the Superlarge Lop Nur Potash Deposit, Xinjiang, China

Located in the eastern part of the Tarim basin, Xinjiang, the Lop Nur was an ultimate water catchment area of the Tarim basin during the Quaternary. Through nearly ten years of investigation and research, the authors have found a superlarge brine potash deposit in the Luobei subbasitv—a secondary basin of the Lop Nur depression. The deposit has been mined now. On that basis, the authors propose new theories on the genesis of the potash rock deposit. In the tectonic and geomorphologic contexts, the Tarim basin lies in a “high mountain-deep basin” environment. At the beginning of the Quaternary, influenced by the neotectonic movement, the Lop Nur evolved into a “deep basin” in the Tarim basin. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, neotectonic migration began to take place in the interior of the Lop Nur and a new secondary deep basin—the Luobei subbasin—formed gradually. Despite its small area, it is actually the deepest subbasin in the Lop Nur depression, where brines of the Lop Nur Salt Lake gather and evaporate, thus providing materials for the formation of a superlarge brine potash rock deposit. With respect to the phenomenon of brine concentration and change with deepening of the lake, the authors propose a model of “high mountain-deep basin” tectonic migration for potash concentration. In the sedimentological context, the honeycomb-shaped voids developed in glauberite rock in the subbasin are good space for potash-rich brine accumulation. Study indicates that the deposition of glauberite requires recharge of calcium-rich water.In the Tarim area the calcium-rich water might come from deep formation water or oilfield water, and the river water recharging the Lop Nur Salt Lake was rich in sulfate radicals and other components; in addition, the climate in the area was very dry and the brine evaporated steadily, thus resulting in deposition of substantial amount of glauberite, potash accumulation in intercrystal brine and final formation of the potash deposit. Generally, potash formation in a salt lake undergoes a three-stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)→chlorides (halite etc.)”, but in the study area there only occurred a two-stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)”. The authors call this new geological phenomenon the “two-stage potash formation” model. In conclusion, the superlarge Lop Nur potash deposit is the result of combined “high mountain-deep basin” tectonism and “two-stage potash formation”.     

洪泽凹陷赵集次凹阜宁组四段盐岩深水再沉积成因探讨

为了查明洪泽凹陷赵集次凹阜四段盐岩成因,利用录井、测井、古生物和地球化学资料,对苏北盆地洪泽凹陷赵集次凹古新统阜宁组四段(E₁f₄)的盐岩沉积特征进行了分析,发现阜四段含盐系地层主要发育石盐岩,硫酸盐岩次之,还有少量碳酸盐岩。石盐岩单层厚度大,纯度高,横向分布稳定。对比研究认为赵集次凹E₁f₄盐岩应为淮安凸起上白垩统浦口组(K₂p)盐岩经溶解搬运至洪泽凹陷赵集次凹深水湖盆中,使盐度过饱和后再沉积成因。赵集次凹E₁f₄比淮安凸起K₂p石盐岩矿层纯度高;盐岩洁净、盐间夹灰-深灰色泥岩,未见浅水蒸发构造;生物化石以陆相介形类为主,淡水滨浅湖的腹足类和轮藻化石稀少,在E₁f₄地层中存在仅见于K₂p地层中的Cicat ricosisporites pseudoanrifer化石以及Welwitschiapitesningensis、Cicatricosisporites pseudoaurifer等;两地盐岩的卤水类型均为硫酸盐-氯化物型,而赵集次凹E₁f₄盐岩重金属元素含量较低。赵集次凹阜四段存在两个主要成盐期:上盐亚段与下盐亚段,对比研究发现二者的盐岩类型、特征及成盐序列有较大差异,尝试根据盐类物质供给的成分和速率的不同建立了相应的成盐模式:下盐亚段为深水近源快速补给"石盐岩-无水芒硝岩-石盐岩再沉积"成盐模式;上盐亚段为深水近源缓慢补给"钙芒硝岩-石盐岩再沉积"成盐模式。     

罗布泊盐湖巨量钙芒硝沉积及其成钾效应分析

罗布泊盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部,盐湖沉积的主要盐类矿物是钙芒硝,其资源量巨大,卤水钾矿赋存于钙芒硝岩晶间孔隙中,显然,钾盐的聚集与钙芒硝沉积有着密切的联系。文章通过对罗布泊盐湖的钙芒硝沉积特征研究,探讨了钾盐矿床的形成与钙芒硝的沉积关系。研究显示钙芒硝沉积时期,古气候具有“热”的特点,有利于钙芒硝沉积;盐湖物质来源有“富硫酸根”的地表水,也可能存在富钙水的补给。结晶试验显示,罗布泊现代卤水与含氯化钙水掺合后,蒸发析出石膏和水钙芒硝;同时,早期沉积的石膏被交代成为钙芒硝,这两种方式是钙芒硝形成的主要机制。罗布泊钙芒硝的成钾效应主要表现于3个方面:钙芒硝具有菱板状结构,在沉积和成岩过程中钙芒硝岩发育大量孔隙;钙芒硝孔隙储集了富钾卤水;大量钙芒硝的析出导致卤水中钾离子相对富集。研究认为,罗布泊盐湖巨量钙芒硝的沉积控制了钾盐的形成和分布,钙芒硝岩成储钾盐的认识在实践上推进了罗布泊盐湖的找钾工作。     

Glauberite–halite association of the Zaragoza Gypsum Formation (Lower Miocene, Ebro Basin, NE Spain)

Glauberite is the most common mineral in the ancient sodium sulphate deposits in the Mediterranean region, although its origin, primary or diagenetic, continues to be a matter of debate. A number of glauberite deposits of Oligocene–Miocene age in Spain display facies characteristics of sedimentologic significance, in particular those in which a glauberite–halite association is predominant. In this context, a log study of four boreholes in the Zaragoza Gypsum Formation (Lower Miocene, Ebro Basin, NE Spain) was carried out. Two glauberite–halite lithofacies associations, A and B, are distinguished: association (A) is composed of bedded cloudy halite and minor amounts of massive and clastic glauberite; association (B) is made up of laminated to thin‐bedded, clear macrocrystalline, massive, clastic and contorted lithofacies of glauberite, and small amounts of bedded cloudy halite. Transparent glauberite cemented by clear halite as well as normal‐graded and reverse‐graded glauberite textures are common. This type of transparent glauberite is interpreted as a primary, subaqueous precipitate. Gypsum, thenardite or mirabilite are absent in the two associations. The depositional environment is interpreted as a shallow perennial saline lake system, in which chloride brines (association A) and sulphate–(chloride) brines (association B) are developed. The geochemical study of halite crystals (bromine contents and fluid inclusion compositions) demonstrates that conditions for co‐precipitation of halite and glauberite, or for precipitation of Na‐sulphates (mirabilite, thenardite) were never fulfilled in the saline lake system.     

香港坪洲岛坪洲组中钙芒硝假晶的确定及其成因探讨

本文通过野外地质调查、显微鉴定分析、EPMA测试和 X射线分析 ,确定香港坪洲岛坪洲组地层中的方沸石、锥辉石和次生方解石等矿物部分是交代原始盐类矿物钙芒硝形成的 ,它们多以集合体方式构成钙芒硝假晶 ,具有钙芒硝的棱面体形态 ,并可以和区域上含钙芒硝的盐系地层进行对比。本文认为 ,原始钙芒硝为上述矿物的形成提供了 Na2 O和 Ca O,热液活动带来了部分 Si O2 ,通过交代蚀变作用形成了丰富的钙芒硝假晶。这一研究成果表明 ,坪洲组是一盐系地层 ,大鹏湾盆地在晚白垩世—古近纪时期是一演化程度较高的硫酸盐型蒸发岩盆地。     

Evaporative systems and diagenetic patterns in the Calatayud Basin (Miocene,central Spain)

This paper concerns the evaporite units, depositional systems, cyclicity, diagenetic products and anhydritization patterns of the Calatayud Basin (nonmarine, Miocene, central Spain). In outcrop, the sulphate minerals of these shallow lacustrine evaporites consist of primary and secondary gypsum, the latter originating from the replacement of anhydrite and glauberite. In the evaporative systems of this basin, gypsiferous marshes of low salinity can be distinguished from central, saline lakes of higher salinity. In the gypsiferous marsh facies, the dominant, massive, bioturbated gypsum was partly replaced by synsedimentary chert nodules and siliceous crusts. In the saline lake facies, either cycles of gypsiferous lutite‐laminated gypsarenite or irregular alternations of laminated gypsum, nodular and banded glauberite, thenardite and nodular anhydrite precipitated. Early replacement of part of the glauberite by anhydrite also occurred. Episodes of subaerial exposure are represented by: (1) pedogenic carbonates (with nodular magnesite) and gypsiferous crusts composed of poikilitic crystals; and (2) nodular anhydrite, which formed in a sabkha. Additionally, meganodular anhydrite occurs, which presumably precipitated from ascending, highly saline solutions. The timing of anhydritization was mainly controlled by the salinity of the pore solutions, and occurred from the onset of deposition to moderate burial. Locally, a thick (>200 m) sequence of gypsum cycles developed, which was probably controlled by climatic variation. A trend of upward‐decreasing salinity is deduced from the base to the top of the evaporite succession.     

西宁盆地泥质型钙芒硝资源的开发利用

西宁盆地蕴藏着极为丰富的钙芒硝资源,80年代即已探明硫酸钠(Na_2SO_4)地质储量20亿吨,远景储量100亿吨以上。矿床所在地距西宁市区2～10余km,水、电、路“三通”良好,且无水硫酸钠及其深加工产品市场颇为广阔。80年代以来,这种“城市矿”曾几次建厂开发。至今未能开发成功的直接原因是,矿石含泥质物较高,用常规方法脱除困难。笔者以新的工艺流程进行的日产10吨芒硝的脱泥除杂中试试验表明,以这种泥质型矿为原料,完全可以以低的成本生产出高纯度的硫酸钠产品,可以取得可观的经济效益。西宁盆地具备形成一个硫酸钠盐型盐化工工业基地的基本条件。     

衡阳盆地盐类矿床地质特征与矿床成因

衡阳盆地盐类矿产有石盐、钙芒硝、硬石膏（石膏），均产于下第三系霞流市组茶山坳段中。矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出，产状平缓，与岩层产状一致。矿石中ＮａＣｌ品位４３～５４％，钙芒硝矿石中Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿４品位２５～３８％，硬石膏（石膏）矿石中ＣａＳＯ＿４品位４５～７０％。属内陆湖相蒸发沉积之硫酸盐氯化物型矿床。