阶梯式发展理论视域下的冻土学研究

"阶梯式发展"是我国地质学家、原地质矿产部部长、全国政协第八届委员会秘书长朱训同志,1992年在其所著《找矿哲学概论》一书中,作为找矿规律,首次提出的.他认为,矿产勘查过程,从普查、详查到勘探,是发现矿产、评价矿产、探明矿产的三个阶梯,三者之间具有不可分割的内在联系,是找矿工作必须遵循的客观规律.阶梯式发展广泛存在于自...     

扫描电子显微镜在冻土研究中的应用

利用扫描电显微镜研究不同温度和压力条件下正冻、正融和已冻土微结构的形成及发育过程，揭示冻结过程中土颗粒位移，闭聚的分异，未冻水膜形态和冷生组构的形成机理，及不同受力状态下冻土颗粒位错、破碎、微裂隙发育和破坏机理。     

多年冻土区第一井——舍尔金井

舍尔金井位于俄罗斯东西伯利亚萨哈共和国雅库茨克市中心,总深度为116.5 m,是多年冻土区第一口深度超过100 m的井。井的挖掘从筹划到完工（1837年）历时10年,是俄罗斯商人费多尔·舍尔金（φедор Шергин）为挖井取水而建造的。舍尔金井的温度资料无可辩驳地证明了多年冻土的存在,它不仅是重要的文化和历史遗产,还是多年冻土存在的重要证据及冻土学发展的见证。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Hillslope Processes. Binghamton Symposia in Geomorphology International Series: 16. Athol D. Abrahams , ed. The Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean. The Diagram Group . The Cultural Atlas of Islam. Isma'il R. al Faruqi and Lois Lamaya'al Faruqi . Atlas of Israel Contemporary Africa: Development, Culture and the State. Morag Bell . Fundamentals of Physical Geography. David Briggs and Peter Smithson . The Bicentennial Census: New Directions for Methodology in 1990. Constance F. Citro and Michael L. Cohen , eds . World Patterns of Modern Urban Change: Essays in Honor of Chauncy D. Harris. Michael P. Conzen , ed . New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research: Neglected Dimensions and Emerging Alternatives. Kenneth A. Dahlberg , ed . Water Resources Atlas of Florida. E.A. Fernald and D.J. Patton , eds . Landscape Ecology. R.T.T. Forman and M. Godron . The Myth of the North American City: Continentalism Challenged. Michael Goldberg and John Mercer . The Permafrost Environment. Stuart A. Harris . Climate and Circulation of the Tropics. Stefan Hastenrath . The Island of South Georgia. Robert Headland . The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950. Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees . Bombay in Transition: The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1889–1980. Meera Kosambi . Plant Closings; Public or Private Choices? Richard B. McKenzie , ed . Malaysia: Tradition, Modernity and Islam. R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy . Technology on the Frontier: Mining in Old Ontario. Dianne Newell . The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World. J.R.V. Prescott . Tall Office Buildings in the United States. James W. Pygman and Richard Kateley (Real Estate Research Corporation). Technology, Regions, and Policy. John Rees , ed . The United States and the Regional Organization of Asia and the Pacific: 1965-1985. W.W. Rostow . Renewable Energy: Progress, Prospects. Stephen W. Sawyer Wisconsin Foundations. Gwen Schultz . Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World. David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer , eds . Power and Place: Canadian Urban Development in the North American Context. Gilbert A. Stelter and Alan F.J. Artibise , eds . Small Firms in Regional Economic Development: Britain, Ireland and the United States. D. J. Storey , ed . Mathematical Methods in Human Geography and Planning. A. G. Wilson and R. J. Bennett . El Niño North: Niño Effects on the Eastern Subarctic Pacific Ocean. W. S. Wooster and D. L. Fluharty , eds . The Soviet Iron and Steel Industry. Craig ZumBrunnen and Jeffrey Osleeb .     

中国冰川学和冻土学研究40年的回顾与展望

During the past four decades, breathtaking progress has been achieved in China from almost zero to increasingly advanced stages in glaciology and geocryology. The interactions between the cryosphere and climate are of great concern at present. Studies on the water resources in arid and cold regions, hazards control and cold regions engineering under a warming climate are critically important to the sustainable and concordant development of the regional economies and ecosystems. As a mechanism for the above topics, geographic information sciences have significantly facilitated the data processing and insights into the fledgling cryosphere sciences and therefore, should be expedited.     

Segregated ice structures in various heaved permafrost landforms through CT Scan

The growth of segregated ice lenses in frost susceptible sediments in the discontinuous permafrost zone is the dominant mechanism for the formation of permafrost mounds, such as palsas, lithalsas and permafrost plateaus. Thawing of these mounds creates thermokarst lakes, which are particularly abundant in Nunavik, east of the Hudson Bay area. The inception of the permafrost in mounds and their growth are regulated by climate conditions, by local Quaternary geology and by environmental factors such as topography, vegetation, snow cover and surface humidity. Variable sizes and morphology of the permafrost mounds can be attributed to local factors that affect the ice segregation process, particularly the supply of water needed for ice‐lens growth and grain‐size composition of the soil into which aggradation takes place. Computer image analysis of CT scans on high quality cores obtained from permafrost mounds and plateaus of various shapes reveal that the ice layer sequences and permafrost internal structure vary with landform types. A relationship therefore exists between different morphological type within a family of landforms and their microscale internal structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国冰川学和冻土学研究40年进展和展望

回顾４０年来中国冰川学和冻土学从无到有,不断发展壮大,及其所取得的主要研究成果,提出了进一步深入开展冰冻圈与气候变化关系的研究,以及在气候转暖条件下开展干旱与寒区水资源和寒区工程及减灾防灾研究的重要性,并指出了加快发展地理信息科学的必要性。     

土体冻结和冻胀研究的新进展——“国际地层冻结和冻结作用研讨会”论文综述

１９９７年４月１５～１７日在瑞典吕勒奥工学院召开了“国际地层冻结和冻结作用研讨会”。会议共发表论文８２篇，涉及７个专题：ＩＳＳＭＦＥ工作组报告、正冻正融土岩中的热质迁移、冻结敏感性和冻胀、已冻已融和正融土岩的力学性质、环境土冻结、工程设计和工程实例。文章主要论述土体冻结和冻胀研究的新进展。     

Historical Overview of Permafrost Studies in China

Although soil freeze/thaw phenomena were reported centuries ago in the historical Chinese literature, systematic study of permafrost in China started in the 1950s. Permafrost research in China has been related to the exploration for and economic development of natural resources. Intensive investigations for several decades culminated in 2000 in the publication of a detailed map of geocryological regionalization and classification. From this map, it is estimated that permafrost covers approximately 23% of the country. About 80% of China's permafrost is mountain permafrost. China contains about 74.5% of the mountain permafrost area of the northern hemisphere. Since the early 1960s, researchers in China have conducted numerous field campaigns to determine permafrost and ground-ice distribution. A comprehensive ground-based and long-term monitoring network has been established on the Tibetan Plateau and in northeastern China. The State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (SKLFSE) was established in 1991 and is open to national and international engineers and scientists to conduct related studies and experiments. Numerous field and laboratory experiments, as well as numerical modeling, have been conducted to meet the requirements for industrial design, construction, and operation in permafrost regions. Rescuing, archiving, and distributing historical permafrost data would greatly aid the ability of scientists to assess long-term changes in permafrost and its potential influence on the natural and engineered environment. Chinese geocryologists and engineers are facing new challenges with the construction and future operation of the Qinghai-Xizang railroad that will cross 550 km of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau.     

From Exploration to Systematic Investigation: Development of Geocryology in 19th- and Early—20th-Century Russia

Permafrost occupies 25% of the terrestrial surface of the Northern Hemisphere, but approximately 70% of Russia. Thus, it is not surprising that Russian researchers pioneered its scientific investigation. The first written accounts of perennially frozen ground in Russia appeared in the 17th century during a time of exploration and settlement of remote areas of Siberia. Nineteenth century investigations emphasized mapping, measuring, and describing permafrost and its thermal regime, primarily for reasons of scientific interest. About the turn of the 20th century, construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad and other issues related to the large migration of people to Siberia instigated a trend toward more applied investigations. In his 1927 book on permafrost research, Sumgin subdivided the history of Russian permafrost studies into three periods, designated the initial accumulation of facts, the academic period, and the utilitarian period. Although these periods are not separated by precise temporal bounds, it remains a useful scheme for presenting this overview of the history of Russian permafrost studies emphasizing the 19th and early 20th centuries. Developments in geothermal observations, permafrost modeling and mapping, ground-ice investigations, and the organization of observational networks remain important research topics because of their relationships to climate change in the Arctic.