中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步,做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展,概述了取得的主要科研成果,分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战,并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

西藏阿里地区的腹足类化石

采自西藏阿里地区五县市几个层位的腹足类化石分属早奥陶世、早石炭世、早二叠世、早白垩世(多数)、晚白垩世(少数)及第三纪等时限;共计31种(包括12个新种、3个相似种、8个未定种),归入26属(包括1新属),分属14科。它们的地理分布及与它区的对比也略予论述。     

Intertidal gastropod assemblages shaped by key environmental variables across the northern Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Omanss

Variations in environmental factors can alter the species distribution pattern in intertidal rocky shores. The Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) vary substantially with respect to environmental and oceanographic conditions. The abundance and biodiversity of intertidal rocky gastropods in five locations across the northern PG and the GO were compared, and the environmental variables underlying the distribution pattern of these organisms were investigated. A total of 67 gastropod species were identified. The largest average density (294 ind./m²) and diversity (N = 43) for gastropods occurred in the Hotel Lipar station (LIP) located in Chabahar Bay in the GO. Clypeomorus bifasciata (107.43 ind./m²) followed by Cerithium caeruleum (94.67 ind./m²) were the most abundant species. Planaxis sulcatus and Siphonaria spp. occurred in all locations during both sampling occasions. Species richness and abundance of gastropods showed significant differences between LIP and remaining locations. A significant difference was found in assemblage structure across locations. In general, the species richness and density in the locations at GO were significantly larger than those locations in the PG, suggesting that the harsh environmental condition in the PG might be the forcing factor for this diminish. Distinct grouping was observed in both assemblage structure and species composition between locations in the PG and the GO. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of gastropods assemblages were significantly correlated with variation in salinity and substrate rugosity.     

Bathymetric patterns of deep-sea gastropod species diversity in 10 basins of the Atlantic Ocean and Norwegian Sea

Bathymetric patterns of macrofaunal species diversity are best documented in the western North Atlantic where diversity is a unimodal function of depth, peaking in the mid-bathyal zone and being depressed in the upper slope and abyss. There are few inter-basin studies of diversity-depth trends that are controlled for taxonomy, sampling gear, and diversity measures. In this paper, we compare gastropod diversity gradients in the North American Basin of the Atlantic to estimates of diversity in 9 other regions: the Norwegian Sea, West European Basin, Guiana Basin, Gambia Basin, Equatorial Mid-Atlantic, Brazil Basin, Angola Basin, Cape Basin and Argentine Basin. All samples were collected with epibenthic sleds, and diversity calculated by the Sanders-Hurlbert normalized expected number of species. While sampling in other regions is generally less complete than in the western North Atlantic, results indicate that a unimodal pattern is not universal. Diversity can increase, decrease or show no relationship with depth. The level of diversity also varies among basins relative to the western North Atlantic, being depressed in the Norwegian Sea, at bathyal depths in the eastern North Atlantic, and below an oxygen minimum zone in the Cape Basin, and generally elevated at tropical latitudes and in abyssal regions where food supply is high. Associations between gastropod diversity and the ecology and geology of basins suggest that productivity, oxygen concentration, hydrographic disturbance and evolutionary-historical processes may be implicated in shaping bathymetric diversity gradients, but specific causes are difficult to discern. Much more intensive sampling, analyses of other major taxa, and more detailed ecological data are necessary to understand deep-sea biogeography at within- and between-basin spatial scales.     

广东饶平海山区第四纪腹足类

首次报道了广东饶平海山区腹足类。经整理和分类研究,共鉴定出腹足类16科25属30种。这些种均为现生分布种,主要分布在中国沿海,特别是浙江以南海区,少数分布在黄海较北部海区。大多数种类栖息于低潮线至浅海几十米水深的沙泥质或泥沙质海底,也出现一些潮间带岩礁栖息型种类。可能反映了具较高海水能量的浅水沉积环境。根据动物群的组合特征,它们应为第四纪全新世的产物。     

海产腹足类有机锡化合物的检测方法

三丁基锡(TBT)等有机锡化合物因其毒性及结构上的特点被广泛应用于船舶、网箱渔排等的防污涂料中.它的主要作用是在水体中持久地释放出可以有效杀死海洋污损生物的毒性物质,从而达到防护船舶、渔排等体表的目的[1],然而进入海洋环境的有机锡化合物在防污的同时也会影响到许多非靶生物,并对海洋生态系统的结构与功能产生严重的危害,被认为是迄今为止人为引入海洋环境毒性最大的物质之一[2～4].因此,检测海洋生物体内的有机锡含量成为对有机锡污染生态效应调查与研究不可缺少的手段[5～7].     

Pleistocene non-marine molluscs from Cala Salada,Ibiza

A 20 m Pleistocene section at Cala Salada, Ibiza, exposes three eolianites with interbedded silts and gravels. The basal eolianite has steep cross beds and represents a migrating dune, the upper two lack steep cross beds but contain abundant rhizomorphs and represent calcareous sand trapped by vegetation. Internal moulds of non-marine molluscs occur only in the lower silts and the base of the middle eolianite. Within the lower silts are two cycles of upwards increasing diversity and abundance followed by local extinction, which probably reflect local ecological changes rather than major climatic fluctuations. The fauna contains eleven species, including Tudorella ferruginea hitherto known only from the eastern Balearics, and an extremely small form of Rumina decollate.     

Temporal changes of mollusc populations from a Zostera marina bed in southern Spain (Alboran Sea), with biogeographic considerations

Molluscs associated with a Zostera marina bed from Cantarriján bay (Southern Spain, Alboran Sea) at 14–16 m depth were sampled monthly from October 1996 to September 1997. A total of 44,819 individuals belonging to 80 species were identified. In spite of the high species richness, only seven species of gastropods showed a dominance value (D) higher than 1%. Jujubinus striatus was the dominant species of the assemblage with 70.8% of the total abundance. The other dominant species were Rissoa membranacea (9.8%), Nassarius pygmaeus (5.8%), Mitrella minor (4%), Smaragdia viridis (1.9%), Rissoa monodonta (1.4%), Bittium reticulatum (1.3%). The dynamic pattern of the mollusc populations showed a temporal trend with monthly values of species richness and abundance ranging between 10 and 25 species and between 178 and 4412 individuals·222 m⁻². The species richness and abundance were higher in the spring and summer months than in the autumn and winter ones. The diversity (Shannon–Wiener, H’) follows a similar trend, with increases from April to September and decreases from October to March. H’ values (ranging from 0.45 to 3.10) are more influenced by the evenness (J) than by the species richness. A multivariate analysis (Cluster, Multi-dimensional Scaling) based on both presence/absence and quantitative data has also pointed out a temporal trend, with spring–summer samples significantly different from autumn–winter samples. The temporal changes in abundance seem related with the species’ biology, such as recruitment events, as well as to the canopy features and shoot density variation in the Zostera meadow. From the biogeographical point of view, most of the molluscs (65%) found in the Cantarriján bed, have a Lusitanian–Mediterranean distribution (sensu Ekman 1953 ). The proximity to Africa is shown by the presence of four species with a mainly West African distribution. Only R. membranacea has a typical Atlantic distribution, driven by that of Z. marina in NW Europe.     

The Mollusc Thais haemastoma -An Exhibitor of 'Imposex' and Potential Biological Indicator of Tributyltin Pollution

Abstract. In the Azores the gastropod Thais haemastoma shows varying degrees of imposex, the induction of male sex characters in the female. It is inferred that imposex in T. haemastoma is caused by tributyltin (TBT) associated with boats using organotin-based antifouling paints. The two indices - relative penis size and vas deferens sequence - employed previously for Nucella lapillus , were used without alteration. T. haemastoma is only the third species reported as exhibiting 'effective sterilisation' of the female. Unlike Nucella lapillus, T. haemastoma has a planktonic larva, allowing populations to be sustained even when local TBT pollution is high. This makes T. haemastoma potentially a better indicator species, as monitored populations can be maintained by the influx of larvae. T. haemastoma may thus provide a cheap method of assessing the extent of TBT contamination in warm waters, particularly in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands. Preliminary examination of material from a marina in Spain showed a high incidence of 'sterile' animals.