Colonisation of epilithic diatom population of the River Taff, South Wales, U.K.

1. A light and scanning electron microscopic study of the structure of epilithic diatom communities was carried out at two sites on the River Taff, South Wales, an upstream unpolluted site (Site 1) and a downstream polluted site (Site 2). 2. Community structure at the micro-scale revealed that, although communities at both sites were similar in terms of species present (similarity indices ranging between 0.44 and 0.96), they were very different with respect to their physical structure. 3. The traditional approach in studying epilithic diatom communities ignores information relating to community structure. The combination of light and scanning electron microscopy proved to be most useful for studying the epilithic diatom communities. 4. The examination of community succession on stone substrata showed that communities were highly dynamic on a weekly time scale, which suggests that the “age” of a substratum is a very important determinant of the attaching communities. A change from a prostate, two-dimensional community structure to an erect, three-dimensional community structure, and a shift from the dominance of epilithic diatoms to the dominance of epiphytic diatoms were noted. Such a change was more noticed at the polluted downstream site, possibly due to a higher rate of surface pre-conditioning and biofilm production at this site than at the unpolluted upstream site.     

贵州普定6种喀斯特石生植物及其土壤的碳酸酐酶活性

以贵州普定喀斯特石漠化区域石生银叶真藓（Bryum argenteum Hedw.）、扭口藓（Barbula unguiculata Hedw.）、穗枝赤齿藓（Erythrodontium julaceum(Schwaegr.)Par.）、美灰藓（Eurohypnum leptothollum(C. Muell. )Ando.）、东亚砂藓（Racomitrium japonicum Dozy et Molk.）和雪茶（地衣）（Thamnolia vermicularia(Ach.)Asa-hina）为对象,研究了这些石生植物和其基质土壤碳酸酐酶（CA）的活性,可为石生植物的生物岩溶作用机理和石漠化生态环境的治理提供一定的参考。结果表明,6种植物CA的活性存在一定的差异,以美灰藓的CA活性272.99 U·g-1(FW)最高,东亚砂藓的CA活性33.45 U·g-1(FW)最低;银叶真藓基部土壤CA活性最高,为101.81 U·g-1(干土),美灰藓CA活性15.95 U·g-1(干土)最低。CA活性与土壤全磷、全钾、石砾含量和土壤含水量之间呈极显著的相关性。      

石生苔藓组织氮含量和氮同位素指示贵阳地区大气氮沉降与迁移的研究

利用苔藓组织氮含量和氮稳定同位素研究了贵阳市大气氮沉降的来源、沉降和迁移。结果表明,贵阳地区苔藓氮含量的变化特征很好地指示了区内大气氮沉降的空间变化。贵阳市区苔藓氮同位素与郊区或农村地区差异明显,区内城市与农村有不同的氮源。苔藓氮同位素从市区往外逐渐偏正(-8.87‰~-2.48‰),说明来自市区的铵在逐渐减少,而来自农村的铵的贡献逐渐增加。贵阳地区从市区往外苔藓氮含量随距离指数降低(y=1.5e-0.13x+1.26),而氮同位素随距离对数升高[y=2.54ln(x)-12.227],揭示了源自市区的大气铵(NHx)向周边的扩散迁移呈指数降低的变化规律。运用极限法求解苔藓氮含量和氮同位素组成随距离变化的函数,发现市区铵沉降的影响范围小于41 km,在17.2 km以外的地区,市区铵沉降低于背景农业铵沉降值。     

贵州5种喀斯特石生藓类成土及保土生态功能研究

研究普定喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓(Erythrodontium julaceum)、扭口藓(Barbula unguiculata)、真藓(Bryum argenteum)、美灰藓(Eurohypnum leptothollum)和东亚砂藓 (Racomitrium japonicum)的成土特点和保土效益。结果显示:5种石生藓类的成土率在45.0%~842.8%之间,最高为穗枝赤齿藓的842.8%,最低为真藓45%;成土量与成土率趋势基本一致,美灰藓最高为1 970.5 g·m-2,真藓最低仅为14.85 g·m-2。苔藓层对提高土壤抗冲性具有极其显著的增强作用,随苔藓层厚度的增加而增强,随着冲刷坡度的增大而减弱,苔藓层厚度≥2.5 cm,坡度≤20°时能有效地控制土壤的流失。      

贵州喀斯特地区5种石生藓类的持水性能及吸水特征比较

选择贵州普定石漠化区域常见的石生穗枝赤齿藓( Erythrodontium julaceum )、扭口藓( Barbula unguiculata )、真藓( Bryum argenteum )、美灰藓 (Eurohypnum leptothollum) 和东亚砂藓 (Racomitrium japonicum) 为对象,研究它们的持水性能和吸水特征,为喀斯特生态系统水循环和石漠化治理提供理论依据。结果表明:5种石生苔藓植物的储量在0.71~3.91 t·hm-2之间,以穗枝赤齿藓的3.91 t·hm-2储量最大;东亚砂藓的最大持水率最高,为761.9%,美灰藓的653.8%次之,真藓的551.7%最小;最大持水能力穗枝赤齿藓和美灰藓占据较大的优势,保水率美灰藓38.2%最强,东亚砂藓为33.6%次之,真藓15.2%最弱。5种石生苔藓的吸水过程包括外和内吸水两种途径,其吸水饱和的时间物种间存在差异;吸水动力学曲线均表现为S型饱和曲线,水分在25 g以下时,植物水分吸收速度与水分加入量成正比,当外界水分增加到25 g以上后,植物水分吸收速度逐渐趋于达到最大值。