Seismic fragility of traction elevators

Second‐generation performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE‐2) requires a library of component fragility functions to estimate probabilistic damage to a wide variety of building components. The present work draws on a large body of (mostly) post‐earthquake reconnaissance and (some) post‐earthquake survey observations of traction elevators to create fragility functions useful in PBEE‐2. Two surveys provide detailed observations of 115 representative elevators at 12 hospitals shaken in the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes and selected without regard to or foreknowledge of damage. Of these, 55 failed and 60 did not. Approximately half were installed after an important code change of 1972, so one can distinguish the performance of pre‐1973 and post‐1973 elevator construction. They experienced a range of strong motion: 22 with peak ground acceleration (PGA) < 0.25 g, 93 with 0.25 g < PGA < 0.85 g. The hospitals had elevator failure rates as low as 0% and as high as 100%. A third survey describes damage qualitatively for six sites with PGA ≤ 0.25 and per‐site failure rates of 0% to perhaps 30%. Fragility functions are offered where the damage state is the loss of functionality of the elevator. The elevators in these surveys exhibit a median capacity of PGA ≈ 0.35 g with a logarithmic standard deviation of 0.40. Capacity is modestly sensitive to whether the elevator was installed before or after 1973. Using building‐specific intensity measures such as S_a(T₁) does not improve the fragility functions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电梯轿厢和导轨耦合系统的地震响应分析

为了研究电梯的抗震性能,本文以电梯轿厢体-轿厢架-导轨耦合系统为研究对象,利用Lagrange方程和柔性动力学分别建立了轿厢体-轿厢架振动模型和导轨振动模型,并通过导靴与导轨之间的接触力,得到了轿厢体-轿厢架-导轨耦合振动方程.研究在地震激励作用下电梯轿厢和导轨耦合系统的地震响应.结果表明,轿厢体-轿厢架-导轨耦合模型可以反映出电梯轿厢、轿厢架和导轨之间的耦合振动以及模拟导靴与导轨的接触或脱离的关系.研究成果为电梯的抗震设计提供了一种有效的分析方法.     

XY-6B型岩心钻机的研制与应用

XY-6B型以XY-4、XY-44A及XY-5型等岩心钻机的研制经验为基础,继承了这些钻机采用汽车底盘技术、弹簧夹紧液压松开滚柱式卡盘及机架耐磨片等优点,同时进行了液压系统的改进和升降机、转盘体支撑等创新设计,大大提高了立轴式岩心钻机的使用性能。     

Non‐linear seismic response of the rail‐counterweight system in elevators in buildings

Elevators in buildings serve a very important function and are among the critical components of an essential facility. They have several mechanical and electrical components that are known to be susceptible to damage during earthquake occurrences. The counterweights, being the heaviest, are among their most vulnerable components. The ASME code has made several provisions to improve the performance of the counterweights in seismic events. To evaluate their performance under code‐mandated provisions, it is necessary that a comprehensive and realistic analytical model is used. This paper uses a detailed model of a counterweight of a traction elevator to study its in‐plane and out‐of‐plane dynamic behavior. The model incorporates the multiple support inputs and flexibilities of the counterweight guidance system along with their non‐linearities caused by the clearance limitations. The study examines the effect of changing clearances, variability of input motions, and the use of tie brackets on the system response, and evaluates the impact of some of the code provisions on the dynamic behavior of the system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震对电梯的危害及其防治

近年来 ,地矿行业许多单位 ,纷纷进入建筑市场。建筑的安全问题应该引起人们的足够重视。我国不少地区地处强震系列分布区 ,如华县—平谷、海原—昌马、甘孜—昭通、邢台—唐山等强震系列。在这些地区施工时 ,除应注意建筑物自身的抗震性能之外 ,还须对电梯安装中的抗震防震问题予以足够重视。1　地震对电梯的损害我国目前安装的电梯大部分为曳引式电梯 ,轿厢和对重分别用两根垂直竖立的导轨引导上下运行。“脱轨”就是由于地震引起的水平方向加速度使对重或轿厢的导靴与导轨脱离现象。如有脱轨现象发生 ,电源又没断 ,电梯继续运行 ,轿厢与…     

电梯抗震性能研究进展

电梯作为高层建筑不可缺少的竖向交通工具,是非常重要的非结构构件。历次地震灾害表明:电梯抗震性能较差,在地震中遭受不同程度的破坏。目前,各国对加强电梯抗震的呼声越来越高,如何提高电梯抗震性能逐渐引起重视。从三个方面系统梳理了国内外关于电梯抗震性能的研究进展:（1）回顾了电梯在以往地震中的破坏情况,归纳总结了电梯地震破坏类型。（2）从数值模拟和试验研究两个方面介绍了电梯抗震性能的研究现状,指出了不足之处。（3）总结了各国关于电梯抗震的设计方法,比较了规范之间的异同。通过梳理电梯抗震性能的研究现状,展望了未来研究方向,以期为提高电梯抗震性能设计水平提供参考。     

基于空间激光牛顿环的导轨检测系统

介绍了一种新型的激光准直系统用于电梯的导轨检测——基于空间激光牛顿环的电梯导轨检测系统。本系统利用激光空间相干技术及其CCD中心探测技术，实现电梯导轨检测工作达到高精度、自动化。本系统还可用于直线导轨产品的直线度检测以及大坝的变形监测。     

高层建筑电梯平衡重体系的动力特性与地震反应分析

本文在文献[2,1]所建立的平衡重体系运动方程的基础上,对高层建筑电梯系统中平衡重体系的动力特性进行了探讨,给出了求解该体系自振频率的近似方法,通过对一幢14层建筑内的平衡重体系进行的大量地震反应分析,研究了其动力反应沿建筑物高度变化的一般规律,给出了最大反应所处的位置。本文的工作为实施和推广文献[1]所提出的平衡重体系的抗震控制措施奠定了理论基础。     

超高层电梯机房防雷区磁场强度分析及防御技术

近年来,由雷击引起的电梯停运事件时有发生,雷电对电梯的损坏主要有闪电电涌侵入、地电位反击、辐射电磁场等3种主要途径。经过专业技术人员的现场鉴定调查发现,以雷电辐射电磁场诱发的控制板损坏引起的为最多。以一幢超高层建筑物为例,计算雷击建筑物以外附近218 m和雷电直接击在建筑物上防雷区LPZ1区、LPZ2区内磁场强度,分析雷击时辐射电磁场对电梯机房LPZ2区控制设备的损坏机理,并得出以下结论:确定点距LPZ1区屏蔽最短距离取最大值能尽可能减小磁场强度值;电梯机房LPZ1区屏蔽网格宽度w≤0.15m时,若建筑物电梯机房顶接闪器遭受小于等于150kA雷电流直接雷击,机房内控制设备一般不会受到辐射电磁场的干扰。     

一起高层住宅电梯雷击事故分析

通过对一起高层住宅电梯遭受雷击事故的现场调查和分析研究,结果表明：天气原因是雷害生成的首要条件,地闪观测资料证实有雷电发生,地理环境显示建筑物位于河流附近而且是高层建筑容易遭受雷击的天面,三种外部条件是外因,内部原因是：在高层建筑物已安装了外部防雷装置且符合国家标准及电梯的供电线路也安装了多级电源电涌保护器的情况下,电梯的控制系统最容易遭受雷击电磁脉冲的损坏导致电梯控制箱内的电路板、变频器损坏出现停止运行.