Metamorphism in Archaean greenstone belts: calculated fluid compositions and implications for gold mineralization

An inescapable consequence of the metamorphism of greenstone belt sequences is the release of a large volume of metamorphic fluid of low salinity with chemical characteristics controlled by the mineral assemblages involved in the devolatilization reactions. For mafic and ultramafic sequences, the composition of fluids released at upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies conditions for the necessary relatively hot geotherm corresponds to those inferred for greenstone gold deposits (X_CO2= 0.2–0.3). This result follows from the calculation of mineral equilibria in the model system CaO–MgO–FeO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–CO₂, using a new, expanded, internally consistent dataset. Greenstone metamorphism cannot have involved much crustal over-thickening, because very shallow levels of greenstone belts are preserved. Such orogeny can be accounted for if compressive deformation of the crust is accompanied by thinning of the mantle lithosphere. In this case, the observed metamorphism, which was contemporaneous with deformation, is of the low-P high-T type. For this type of metamorphism, the metamorphic peak should have occurred earlier at deeper levels in the crust; i.e. the piezothermal array should be of the ‘deeper-earlier’type. However, at shallow crustal levels, the piezothermal array is likely to have been of ‘deeper-later’type, as a consequence of erosion. Thus, while the lower crust reached maximum temperatures, and partially melted to produce the observed granites, mid-crustal levels were releasing fluids prograde into shallow crustal levels that were already retrograde. We propose that these fluids are responsible for the gold mineralization. Thus, the contemporaneity of igneous activity and gold mineralization is a natural consequence of the thermal evolution, and does not mean that the mineralization has to be a consequence of igneous processes. Upward migration of metamorphic fluid, via appropriate structurally controlled pathways, will bring the fluid into contact with mineral assemblages that have equilibrated with a fluid with significantly lower X_CO2. These assemblages are therefore grossly out of equilibrium with the fluid. In the case of infiltrated metabasic rocks, intense carbonation and sulphidation is predicted. If, as seems reasonable, gold is mobilized by the fluid generated by devolatilization, then the combination of processes proposed, most of which are an inevitable consequence of the metamorphism, leads to the formation of greenstone gold deposits predominantly from metamorphic fluids.     

Drag Coefficient,Dynamic Roughness and Reference Wind Speed

Surface waves are the roughness element of the ocean surface. The parameterization of the drag coefficient of the ocean surface is simplified by referencing to wind speed at an elevation proportional to the characteristic wavelength. The dynamic roughness is analytically related to the drag coefficient. Under the assumption of fetch limited wave growth condition, various empirical functions of the dynamic roughness can be converted to equivalent expressions for comparison. For datasets covering a wide range of the dimensionless frequency (inverse wave age), it is important to account for the variable rate of wave development at different wave ages. As a result, the dependence of the Charnock parameter on wave age is nonmonotonic. Finally, the analysis presented here suggests that the significant wave steepness is a sensitive property of the ocean surface and a single variable normalization of the dynamic roughness using a wavelength or wave height parameter actually produces more robust functions than bi-variable normalizations using wave height and wave slope.     

等高线图信息定量度量研究

在分析现有的地图信息定量度量方法的基础上,提出了一组测量等高线地形图的几何信息和拓扑信息的定量度量方法,并进行了实例分析.     

Retailing local food in the Scottish-English borders: A supply chain perspective

Local food is championed as one alternative response to industrial systems of food production and supply. While advocacy for local food is high, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the actual shape and scale of such food supply chains, especially from a retail perspective. Using supply chain diagrams, this paper presents a summary of ‘new’ agro-food geographies for five different retail types—farm shops, butchers, caterers, specialist shops, supermarkets/department stores—that all source local food from suppliers in the Scottish-English borders. Presented as five separate ‘shopping trips’, the paper examines where, how and why retailers source local food. Results reveal the complex nature of local food systems, especially in terms of intra-sector competitive dynamics (with a notable tension between direct forms of retail and established (independent) retailers), links and overlaps with ‘normal’ food retail systems and elastic notions of the ‘local’. The paper also draws a key distinction between locally produced and locally supplied food products.     

Tetrahedral Plots of the Phase Relations for Basalts

The phase relations of quaternary systems are generally represented by projections onto ternary compositional planes. Such projections often obscure relationships that would only be evident in a three-dimensional tetrahedral plot. The tetrahedral plot requires that compositions of the minerals and melts be transformed into Cartesian coordinates. It is shown here how this transformation is carried out. The application is demonstrated by tetrahedral plots of experimental melt compositions of partially molten lherzolite. Furthermore, the plot can be used to evaluate whether or not a particular basaltic composition represents a primary melt. The methods are applicable to any four-component system.     

一种稀土参数图解新方法:以内蒙古拜仁达坝-维拉斯托闪长岩成因研究为例

稀土元素的示踪作用在地质学、地球化学研究中具有重要意义,稀土参数图解可以揭示岩石的形成机理、条件和成因分类,追踪各种复杂地质作用的演化历史。利用稀土元素参数REE与SiO₂、REE与LREE/HREE、δEu与LREE/HREE图解,在内蒙古拜仁达坝-维拉斯托铅锌银多金属矿区从偏基性端元向偏酸性端元演化的闪长岩类野外岩相学观察和室内测试的基础上,发现其全岩稀土参数之间的相关关系,进而结合岩石地球化学数据、稀土参数图解新方法与微量元素聚类分析,判别其闪长岩的成因和岩浆源区。结果显示,拜仁达坝赋矿的闪长岩具有高硅、富钠及较高MgO和Al₂O₃含量的特征,属钙碱性系列,显示地幔岩浆分异与下地壳熔融岩浆混合的特点;拜仁达坝-维拉斯托闪长岩LREE/HREE-REE和δEu-LREE/HREE曲线显示,稀土高值组端元分别呈负相关和正相关关系,负Eu异常明显,相对富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素,而稀土低值组端元反之。上述特征表明, 拜仁达坝-维拉斯托闪长岩为一套活动大陆边缘幔源为主、壳幔混合成因的钙碱性岩浆岩系列。实例研究初步证实,提出的稀土参数图解新方法是有效的,具有较强的普适性,适合在常规的地质科研中完善并推广。     

长白山景区旅游安全风险动态评价研究

以长白山景区旅游安全为研究对象,以鱼骨图、动态贝叶斯、GIS技术等为基本研究方法,从研究区自然环境、社会环境及责任人为3个方面出发,筛选景区致险因子,构建景区旅游安全风险危险性评价指标体系,利用动态贝叶斯方法综合构建景区旅游安全风险动态评价模型;并以实测数据及景区统计数据为依据,划分景区旅游安全风险评价的4个动态时段,综合实现景区旅游安全风险动态风险评价。研究结果表明：① 中等以上风险区域呈条带状分布;② 高风险区域与主要景点重合;③ 长白山景区安全风险发生高概率的时段发生在第三个时段（12:00~14:00）;较高概率发生分别在第二个时段（10:00~12:00）与第四个时段（14:00~16:00）;中等概率发生较高的时段在第四个时段（14:00~16:00）;较低概率发生在第一个时段（8:00~10:00）。     

基于路网数据和复杂图论的中国城市交通布局评价

城市化的快速发展推动了我国城市道路网的不断扩张和发展.城市道路网是一个动态、开放、自组织的空间复杂网络,构成了城市的结构框架,研究城市道路网的结构特征对路网规划和城市建设有着重要的应用价值.在国内城市道路网络结构特征的相关研究中,很少有学者基于道路走向的视角对整个城市路网结构进行研究,也缺少对全国主要城市路网的整体性评...     

基于Voronoi图的人口普查区的划分技术研究

人口普查区的划分是进行人口普查的先期工作。本文探讨了利用Voronoi图的良好空间拓扑属性进行人口普查区划分的方法。文章从多边形数据出发,利用间接法实现Voronoi图的生成,然后根据普查区划分的人口阀值,通过相邻Voronoi图之间的操作,最终实现人口普查区的划分。可为人口普查提供有效的服务,并间接地为人口空间化提供了一种有效的表现形式。