Geometric Derivation of the Delaunay Variables and Geometric Phases

We derive the classical Delaunay variables by finding a suitable symmetry action of the three torus T³ on the phase space of the Kepler problem, computing its associated momentum map and using the geometry associated with this structure. A central feature in this derivation is the identification of the mean anomaly as the angle variable for a symplectic S ¹ action on the union of the non-degenerate elliptic Kepler orbits. This approach is geometrically more natural than traditional ones such as directly solving Hamilton–Jacobi equations, or employing the Lagrange bracket. As an application of the new derivation, we give a singularity free treatment of the averaged J ₂-dynamics (the effect of the bulge of the Earth) in the Cartesian coordinates by making use of the fact that the averaged J ₂-Hamiltonian is a collective Hamiltonian of the T³ momentum map. We also use this geometric structure to identify the drifts in satellite orbits due to the J ₂ effect as geometric phases.     

Distribution, migration and derivation of Mesozoic-Cenozoic regional fault systems in the central continental margin of eastern China

Deep-large faults in the central continental margin of eastern China are well developed. Based on the regularity of spatial and temporal distribution of the faults, four fault systems were divided: the Yanshan orogenic belt fault system, the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt fault system, the Tanlu fault system and the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system. The four fault systems exhibit different migration behaviors. The Yanshan orogenic belt fault system deflected from an EW to a NE direction, then to a NNE direction during the Indo-Chinese epoch-Yanshanian epoch. The thrust-nappe strength of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt fault system showed the tendency that the strength was greater in the south and east, but weaker in the north and west. This fault system faulted in the east and folded in the west from the Indo-Chinese epoch to the early Yanshanian epoch. At the same time, the faults also had a diachronous migration from east to west from the Indo-Chinese epoch to the early Yanshanian epoch. On the contrary, the thrust-nappe strength was greater in the north and west, weaker in the south and east during the late Yanshanian epoch-early Himalayan epoch. The Tanlu fault system caused the basin to migrate from west to east and south to north. The migration regularity of the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system shows that the formation age became younger in the west. The four fault systems and their migration regularities were respectively the results of four different geodynamic backgrounds. The Yanshan orogenic belt fault system derived from the intracontinental orogeny. The Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt fault system derived from the collision of plates and intracontinental subduction. The Tanlu fault system derived from the strike-slip movement and the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system derived from plate subduction and retreat of the subduction belt. Translated from Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2005, 35(5): 554–563 [译自: 吉林大学学报 (地球科学版)]     

流速仪法测流最小水深计算公式推导

在<河流流量测验规范>中,规定了流速仪法测流垂线、流速测点的分布位置和布置测点时的最小水深,[1]也有这方面的刊载,并列举了部分计算公式,但公式考虑不够全面,而且还不符合规范要求.本文依据规范,按流速仪测点布置情况,分析推导出了具体完整的计算公式,并对测点布置方案选择提出了相应的建议.     

Air flow calculation of reverse circulation drilling technique with air DTH hammer

Air DTH hammer has been successfully applied in minor-caliber solid mineral exploration,water-well drilling and other drilling areas.In order to expand the applications of the technology,the authors further studied the principle and analyzed the mechanism of reverse circulation drilling technique with air DTH hammer to get the perfect assembles of equipments by optimizing working parameters.No parameter seemed more important than the air volume because it could maintain the working performance stability.The minimum air volume is related to the parameters such as depth and pressure,which was calculated under the actual conditions.It was solved for the air injection flow tables of the air DTH Hammer working at the different pressures.According to the data tables,operators could adjust the air volume to meet the demand on this technique,which had a realistic guiding significance.So it could build up a set of systematic and complete hi-technique.     

Melt–peridotite interaction in the shallow lithospheric mantle of the North China Craton: evidence from melt inclusions in the quartz-bearing orthopyroxene-rich websterite from Hannuoba

To better understand the origin, migration, and evolution of melts in the lithospheric mantle and their roles on the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC), we conducted a petrological and geochemical study on a quartz-bearing orthopyroxene-rich websterite xenolith from Hannuoba, the NCC, and its hosted melt and fluid inclusions. Both clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene in the xenolith contain lots of primary and secondary inclusions. High-temperature microthermometry of melt inclusions combined with Raman spectroscopy analyses of coexisting fluid inclusions shows that the entrapment temperature of the densest inclusions was ~1215°C and the pressure ~11.47 kbar, corresponding to a depth of ~38 km, i.e. within the stability of the spinel lherzolite. Intermediate pressure inclusions probably reflect progressive fluid entrapment over a range of depths during ascent, whereas the low-pressure inclusions (P < 2 kbar) may represent decrepitated primary inclusions. In situ laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses of major and trace elements on individual melt inclusions show that the compositions of these silicate melt inclusions in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are rich in SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and alkalis but poor in TiO₂ and strongly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), with negative anomalies of high-field strength elements (HFSEs). These characteristics suggest that the silica-rich melts could be derived from the partial melting of subducted oceanic slab. Therefore, this kind of quartz-bearing orthopyroxene-rich websterite may be produced by interaction between the slab-derived melts with the mantle peridotite. This study provides direct evidence for the origin, migration, and evolution of melts in the lithospheric mantle, which may play an important role in the destruction of the NCC.     

煤层水压致裂后煤岩应力解析

水压致裂后煤岩应力分布规律对水压致裂防冲效果起关键性作用。采用理论研究方法得出高压注水压致裂后及卸水后水区和气区的孔隙、瓦斯压力和煤体应力解析解。结果表明,致裂后水区孔隙压力沿径向变化不大,与注水压力接近;气区瓦斯压力沿径向呈递减趋势;在水区外围一定范围内形成瓦斯压力升高区;水区煤体环向应力将会减小,直到变为拉应力;气区煤体径向应力沿径向递减。卸水后水区孔隙压力、煤体径向应力沿径向呈递增趋势;气区煤体径向应力沿径向呈递增趋势,趋近于原始煤体应力;气区煤体环向应力沿径向呈递减趋势;气区孔隙压力沿径向呈递减趋势。这为煤层水压致裂预防冲击地压提供理论基础。     

下扬子区二叠系烃源岩评价与生源环境

基于下扬子区海域-陆域钻井岩心和露头岩样, 通过有机岩石学和有机地球化学方法, 应用有效指标参数, 从不同维度综合分析下扬子区上二叠统大隆组、龙潭组和下二叠统孤峰组、栖霞组4套烃源岩在纵向及平面上的有机地球化学特征、生烃潜力和生源环境。根据测试数据及前人研究资料, 栖霞组和大隆组烃源岩的有机质丰度为中等-好级别, 龙潭组烃源岩的有机质丰度为一般-中等级别, 孤峰组烃源岩有机质丰度达到很好级别。下二叠统烃源岩有机质丰度在平面展布上表现出海域优于陆域的特点, 上二叠统则反之。根据干酪根碳同位素特征, 栖霞组烃源岩有机质类型最好, 为Ⅰ~Ⅱ型; 其他3套烃源岩均为Ⅱ~Ⅲ型母质类型。4套烃源岩成熟度参数镜质体反射率主频分布范围为1.3%~2.0%, 均达到高热演化阶段, 在平面展布上表现出明显的非均一性。二叠系4套烃源岩生物来源以低等水生生物为主, 有机质均在贫氧的弱还原-弱氧化条件下保存, 其中大隆组沉积的水体动荡频繁和生物变化较明显。综合认为, 下扬子区二叠系烃源岩有机质丰度高, 类型较好, 具有形成大型油气田的良好物质基础, 尤其是以往被忽略的孤峰组烃源岩评价等级被提高, 是一套潜在的优质烃源岩, 其对该区进一步的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

近红外反射光谱学在岩石矿物研究中的应用Ⅱ.快速测定地质样品中有机质

利用偏最小二乘法回归的多变量校正方式,建立了应用近红外反射光谱学方法无损快速测定各种地质样品中有机质的模型.设计了多重散射光校正、标准正常变量转换及导数光谱,扣除额外基线和重叠信号的影响,分离出与有机质含量有关的光谱信息.大多数地质样品的有机质近红外反射光谱估算结果与化学法符合.     

Hyporheic exchange mechanism driven by flood wave

To study the hyporheic exchange driven by a single peak flood-induced water level fluctuation (i.e., flood wave), a method combining numerical simulation with theoretical derivation was proposed based on the Inbuk Stream, Korea, where flooding occurs frequently. The hyporheic exchanges induced by different flood waves were investigated by varying amplitude (A), duration (T), wave type parameter (r), and rising duration (t_p), which were adopted from the real-time stream stage fluctuations. Additionally, the idea of constant upstream flood volume (CUFV) condition for flood waves was put forward, and the effects of “Botan” (T/A) and peak number (N) on hyporheic exchange were studied. The results showed that the hyporheic exchange flux (q) was controlled by the water level h (sine-type) and its change rate v (cosine-type), and was proportional to the polynomial of them q ∝ (ω∙ h + v), where ω is the angular frequency of the flood wave. Based on this mechanism, the influence principles on hyporheic exchanges of the typical flood wave parameters (A, T, r and t_p) as well as T/A and N under CUFV condition were clarified. The main characteristic variables of hyporheic exchange, which were maximum aquifer storage and residence time, were positively correlated. They also had positive relations to the integral of the flood wave over time, which increased when the wave became higher, wider, rounder and less skewed. However, when CUFV condition was imposed, the residence time was positively correlated with T/A, whereas the maximum aquifer storage was negatively correlated with T/A. With the increase in N, water exchanged more frequently and some water returned to the stream early, leading to the slight decrease in maximum aquifer storage and residence time. These findings enriched the theory of hyporheic exchange driven by surface water fluctuation and be of great significance to enhance pollutant degradation in the hyporheic zone downstream of reservoirs.