蒋家沟砾石土不同粗粒含量直剪强度特征

蒋家沟流域内大量泥石流由滑坡引发,滑坡转化为泥石流的3个过程中,首先是在斜坡体内大范围剪切破坏。在其物源区与沉积区内分布大量砾石土,其强度特征对于蒋家沟泥石流的起动机制具有重要意义。由于砾石土颗粒粗大,粗细粒配比和试验尺寸对强度特征有一定的影响。为此在室内现场两用大型直剪仪下进行蒋家沟砾石土不同粗粒含量下的直剪强度试验,结果表明：在干密度为2.0 g/cm3、含水率为7 %时,砾石土除在粗粒含量为74.31 %的低垂直压力（50,100 kPa）时剪应力-水平位移关系有峰值外,其余土样没有明显峰值;同一粗粒含量试样在水平剪切应变值为0.02时的剪切模量 随垂直压力增加而增大;在相同垂直压力下, 随粗粒含量增加而增大,且在较低垂直压力下的 随粗粒含量增长更为显著。内摩擦角值随粗粒含量增加而增大;黏聚力在粗粒含量为48.7 %时最小。粗粒含量小于 48.7 %时,试样黏聚力值随粗粒含量增大而减小;当粗粒含量大于48.7 %时,黏聚力随粗粒含量增加而显著增大。     

Debris-flow volumes in northeastern Italy: Relationship with drainage area and size probability

A dataset of 809 debris flows that occurred in 537 basins in mountainous areas of northeastern Italy between the mid-19th century and 2015 is collected and analyzed. A remarkable increase in the number of events is observed in the last four decades and is mainly ascribed to more systematic data collection. The correlation between debris-flow volume and drainage basin area is obtained assuming a power-law relationship. The exponent of the power-law curve at the 50th percentile (0.67 ± 0.02) indicates negative allometry, which means that basin area grows out of proportion to debris-flow volume. In contrast, the exponents at the 98th and 99th percentiles are close to one, implying that debris-flow volumes grow linearly with basin areas. The isometric relationship between the largest debris flows and the corresponding basin areas is due to the enhanced debris supply provided by the activation of widespread sediment sources, the extent of which is proportional to the basin size. The probability density function of debris-flow volume for a subset of the collected dataset is calculated using the kernel density estimation function, which permits estimating the probability of the occurrence of debris flows that exceed a given threshold volume. The comparison with debris flows in other hydroclimatic regions shows that, although debris-flow volumes in northeastern Italy may attain high values, they are often exceeded by debris flows that occur in seismically active regions and/or are triggered by more intense rainstorms. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太原虎峪沟"1996-08-04"泥石流形成过程与发展趋势

1996年7月30日-8月5日，山西省太原市西山地区连降大雨，导致区内虎峪沟暴发特大型泥石流，严重损毁厂矿企业及市政设施，造成36人死亡，直接经济损失高达2．4亿元。本文在综合研究野外调查资料和历史灾情的基础上，通过对泥石流的形成条件、活动过程以及区内地质环境现状质量的分析，判定虎峪沟为中等易发高危险度泥石流沟，仍具有潜在的危害。采煤活动是泥石流的主要影响因素之一，既影响植被生长，又破坏岩土体原生结构，大大加剧崩、滑、流的发生；堆积的大量煤矸石，为泥石流的形成提供丰富的固体物源。为此，要因地制宜地采用生物、工程措施，对全区进行综合整治。