An elastoplastic strainhardening model for soil allowing for hydraulic bonding–debonding effects

The paper presents a strainhardening constitutive model for unsaturated soil behaviour based on energy conjugated stress variables in the framework of superposed continua. The proposed constitutive law deals with hydro‐mechanical coupling phenomena. The main purpose is to develop within a consistent framework a model that can deal with possible mechanical instabilities occurring in partially saturated materials. The loss of capillary effects during wetting processes can, in fact, play a central role in unstable processes. Therefore, it will be shown that the bonding effects due to surface tensions can be described in a mathematical framework similar to that employed for bonded geomaterials to model weathering or diagenesis effects, either mechanically or chemically induced. The results of several simulations of common laboratory tests on partially saturated soil specimens are shown. The calculated behaviour appears to be in good qualitative agreement with that observed in the laboratory. In particular it is shown that volumetric collapse phenomena due to hydraulic debonding effects can be successfully described by the model. Finally, it will be highlighted the ability of the model to naturally capture the transition to a fully saturated condition and to deal with possible mechanical instabilities in the unsaturated regime. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simplified analysis of interface failure under compressive normal stress and monotonic or cyclic shear loading

Interface damage and delamination is usually accompanied by frictional slip at contacting interfaces under compressive normal stress. The present work is concerned with an analysis of progressive interface failure using the cohesive crack model with the critical stress softening and frictional traction present at the contact. Both monotonic and cyclic loadings are considered for anti‐plane shear of an elastic plate bonded to a rigid substrate by means of cohesive interface. An analytical solution can be obtained by neglecting the effect of minor shear stress component. The analysis of progressive delamination process revealed three solution types, namely: short, medium and long plate solutions. The long plate solution was obtained under an assumption of quasistatic progressive growth of the delamination zone. In view of snap back response, the quasistatic deformation process cannot be executed by either traction or displacement control. The states of frictional slip accompanied by shake down or incremental failure are distinguished in the case of cyclic loading, related to load amplitude and structural dimensions. The analysis provides a reference solution for numerical treatment of more complex cases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自由段先注浆对预应力锚索抗拔试验结果影响研究

为了解决无法采用已注浆锚索进行抗拔试验问题,基于界面脱黏剪切模型,利用荷载传递和弹性变形理论,考虑锚索锚固段与自由段长度比Lb /La的影响,建立了采用自由段已注浆锚索抗拔试验结果评价锚索抗拔性能的方法。结果表明：自由段注浆对锚索抗拔力有较大幅度的提高,尤其是当界面剪切阶段由弹性向脱黏过渡时,提高比例快速增加,并在脱黏后逐渐趋于稳定。其次,锚索自由段与锚固段交界面处剪切位移和轴力最大,并向两端逐渐降低。随着拉拔力的提高,界面剪切位移和轴力都不断增大,同时向锚索两端的衰减速度也加快。此外,弹性阶段时剪应力曲线为山峰型,而脱黏阶段为马鞍型,并随抗拔力的提高,马鞍开口逐渐扩大。最后,锚固段与自由段长度比Lb /La对锚索极限抗拔力的影响较小,其极限抗拔力折减系数?Q取值介于0.81～0.83之间,且Lb /La =2.5时,?Q计算值仅比实测结果小6.02%,验证了本文方法的可行性。     

基于突变理论的单根锚杆脱黏分析

针对工程中单根预应力锚杆的脱黏失效问题,基于突变理论提出一种研究的新思路。在建立简化力学模型的基础上,推导出锚固界面的非线性剪切滑移模型;视预应力锚杆为弹性体,根据弹性理论得出锚杆的总势能;引入突变理论,将锚杆势函数化简为尖点突变模型的标准形式,构建锚杆失效的临界判据,并进行脱黏分析。结果表明：所建非线性剪切滑移模型可以合理考虑锚固界面的软化特性;拉拔荷载作用下,锚杆杆体与周围注浆体的界面剪应力分布逐渐演化为单峰曲线,直至极限状态下整个锚固界面发生软化破坏;推导出的临界松动位移理论公式简单实用,可为研究单根预应力锚杆的脱黏失效提供参考。通过对工程算例进行验算分析,证明所提方法是合理可行的。     

基于界面疲劳理论的钢筋混凝土腐蚀疲劳破坏研究

腐蚀疲劳是钢筋混凝土结构破坏的主要因素之一.基于剪切筒模型及文中选用的实验加载方式,考虑界面摩擦系数的衰减,同时考虑力学因素-应力比R和加载频率f的影响,研究了钢筋与混凝土界面腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展情况.通过对Paris公式的修正,借助能量耗散率给出腐蚀疲劳数学模型,得到了界面腐蚀疲劳脱粘速率,脱粘长度与循环荷载作用次数的关系.同时考虑混凝土损伤(如刚度衰减)的影响,分析了影响界面腐蚀疲劳(CF)裂纹扩展速率的因素,如应力比,加载频率.     

基坑锚索预应力损失规律现场试验研究

受开挖施工及锚固地层的影响,基坑锚索预应力损失现象较为普遍。依托某实际工程开展现场试验,分析了张拉荷载大小、张拉锁定方式、无黏结段长度以及循环加载对锚索预应力损失产生的影响,进而对基坑锚索预应力损失形成机制进行了探讨。结果表明：锚索锚固体与周围地层发生的脱黏滑移是产生预应力损失的重要原因,锚拉力越大,锚索预应力损失越明显;对于分散型锚索,单根张拉锁定有利于减少其预应力损失;锚索无黏结段长度会对锚头刚度产生影响,其长度越短,锚索预应力损失越明显;多次循环加载可以将锚固体受荷产生的塑性变形进一步锁定,从而大大降低锚索在锁定后的预应力损失。相关规律和结论可为基坑锚索的设计与施工提供有益的参考。     

Design and full‐scale experimental evaluation of a seismically endurant steel buckling‐restrained brace system

This paper presents the results of 12 full‐scale tests on buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) specimens. A simple‐to‐fabricate all‐steel encasing joined by high‐strength bolts was used as the buckling‐restrainer mechanism. Steel BRBs offer significant energy dissipation capability through nondeteriorating inelastic response of an internal ductile core. However, seismic performance of BRBs is characterized by interaction between several factors. In this experimental study, the effects of core‐restrainer interfacial condition, gap size, loading history, bolt spacing, and restraining capacity are evaluated. A simple hinge detail is introduced at the brace ends to reduce the flexural demand on the framing components. Tested specimens with bare steel contact surfaces exhibited satisfactory performance under the American Institute of Steel Construction qualification test protocol. The BRBs with friction‐control self‐adhesive polymer liners and a graphite‐based dry lubricant displayed larger cumulative inelastic ductility under large‐amplitude cyclic loading, exceeding current code minimum requirements. The BRB system is also examined under repeated fast‐rate seismic deformation history. This system showed significant ductility capacity and remarkable endurance under dynamic loading. Furthermore, performance is qualified under long‐duration loading history from subduction zone's megathrust type of earthquake. Predictable and stable performance of the proposed hinge detail was confirmed by the test results. Internally imposed normal thrust on the restrainer is measured using series of instrumented bolts. Weak‐ and strong‐axis buckling responses of the core are examined. Higher post‐yield stiffness was achieved when the latter governed, which could be advantageous to the overall seismic response of braced frames incorporating BRBs.     

Sandstone-concrete interface transition zone (ITZ) damage and debonding micromechanisms under freeze-thaw

The sufficient bond between concrete and rock is an important prerequisite to ensure the effect of shotcrete support. However, in cold regions engineering protection system, the bond condition of rock and concrete surface is easily affected by freeze-thaw cycles, resulting in interface damage, debonding and even supporting failure. Understanding the micromechanisms of the damage and debonding of the rock-concrete interface is essential for improving the interface protection.Therefore, the micromorphology, micromechanical properties, and microdebonding evolution of the sandstone-concrete interface transition zone(ITZ) under varying freeze-thaw cycles(0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were studied using scanning electron microscope, stereoscopic microscope, and nano-indentation. Furthermore, the distribution range and evolution process of ITZ affected by freeze-thaw cycles were defined. Major findings of this study are as follows:(1) The microdamage evolution law of the ITZ under increasing freeze-thaw cycles is clarified, and the relationship between the number of cracks in the ITZ and freeze-thaw cycles is established;(2) As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the ITZ's micromechanical strength decreases, and its development width tends to increase;(3) The damage and debonding evolution mechanisms of sandstone-concrete ITZ under freeze-thaw cycles is revealed, and its micromechanical evolution model induced by freeze-thaw cycles is proposed.     

沥青混凝土机场跑道面层脱空探地雷达图像模拟及应用研究

查明沥青混凝土机场跑道面层脱空范围和程度,对实施道面维护保养和保障跑道飞行安全十分重要。这里运用基于时间域有限差分法(FDTD)的GPRMax2D,对面层脱空的探地雷达反射剖面特征进行了数值模拟分析。通过对数值模拟数据、探地雷达实测剖面以及钻孔验证结果的对比分析,建立了面层脱空推断解释分类模型,获得了具有合理准确度和高可靠性的推断解释结果,认为探地雷达是一种能用于沥青混凝土机场跑道面层脱空检测的快速、无损、可靠的技术手段。     

Welded end‐slot connection and debonding layers for buckling‐restrained braces

The debonding mechanism has a significant effect on the performance of a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB). In this paper, a method for estimating the compression strength adjustment factor for any given BRB core strain is presented. Experimental investigations were conducted on four BRBs to examine the efficiency of four different debonding materials in reducing the difference between the cyclic peak compression and tension. Test results indicate that chloroprene rubber is very easy to install and very effective in minimizing the difference between the compressive and tensile capacities. The excellent performance of 13 full‐scale welded end‐slot BRBs (WES‐BRBs) is illustrated through experiments. Cyclic loading test results of a 12.5‐m long jumbo WES‐BRB reveal that its peak compressive strength exceeds 16,800 kN and its maximum core strain reaches 0.035. All WES‐BRBs show satisfactory performance with a very stable hysteresis response, modest peak compressive to tensile strength ratio, and very predictable axial stiffness. These specimens sustain a cumulative plastic deformation of greater than 400 times the yield deformation. The hysteresis responses can be satisfactorily predicted by using a two‐surface plasticity analytical model. Advantages of the welded end‐slot connections are also presented through a discussion on the effects of the BRB yield region length ratio on the effective stiffness, the yield story drift, and the core strain level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.